Quality of Life Assessment in Diabetic Patients Using a Validated Tool in a Patient Population Visiting a Tertiary Care Center in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Table 2

Associating factors affecting QOLID scores in the sample and multivariate analysis determining the final predictors.

Factors	Number (%)	Univariate		Multivariate
		Odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Gender
Male	248 (62.00)	1.00	—	1.00	—
Female	152 (38.00)	1.96 (1.30–2.96)	0.001	2.05 (1.26–3.35)	0.004
Age
Less than 50	193 (48.37)	1.00	—	1.00	—
More than 50	206 (51.63)	1.64 (1.06–2.52)	0.026	1.81 (1.12–2.93)	0.014
Education
Illiterate	18 (4.50)	1.00	—	—	—
Primary school	12 (3.00)	0.77 (0.16–3.74)	0.745	—	—
Middle school	35 (8.75)	0.41 (0.12–1.39)	0.151	—	—
Secondary school	158 (39.50)	0.43 (0.15–1.28)	0.132	—	—
Higher secondary and above	177 (44.25)	0.28 (0.10–0.83)	0.021	—	—
Residence
Urban	—	1.00	—	—	—
Rural	—	1.10 (0.74–1.63)	0.630	—	—
Individual subject characteristics
Body mass index
Normal	134 (33.50)	1.00	—	—	—
Overweight	178 (44.50)	0.55 (0.35–0.87)	0.010	—	—
Obese	88 (22.00)	0.77 (0.45–1.33)	0.354	—	—
Waist circumference (cm) (Ref. [17])
Normal (M 102 cm; F 88 cm)	48 (12.00)	1.00	—	—	—
Abnormal (M > 102 cm; F > 88 cm)	352 (88.00)	0.98 (0.53–1.79)	0.941	—	—
Current tobacco chewing
Yes	108 (27.00)	1.00	—	—	—
No	263 (65.75)	1.30 (0.83–2.04)	0.255	—	—
Sometimes	29 (7.25)	1.54 (0.67–3.51)	0.306	—	—
Current use of smoking tobacco
Yes	24 (6.00)	1.00	—	—	—
No	359 (89.75)	1.69 (0.72–3.97)	0.225	—	—
Sometimes	17 (4.25)	1.48 (0.42–5.23)	0.541	—	—
Current use of alcohol
Yes	18 (4.50)	1.28 (0.37–4.44)	0.700	—	—
No	350 (87.50)	2.77 (1.24–6.15)	0.012	—	—
Sometimes	17 (4.25)	1.00	—	—	—
Duration of diabetes
Less than 7 years	202 (50.50)	1.00	—	—	—
More than 7 years	198 (49.50)	1.55 (1.04–2.30)	0.028	—	—
Fasting blood sugar
<130	190 (47.86)	1.00	—	—	—
≥130	207 (52.14)	1.37 (0.92–2.03)	0.117	—	—
Compliance to management
0 (complete compliance)	255 (63.75)	1.00	0.133	—	—
1–4 (noncompliant)	145 (36.25)	1.37 (0.91–2.06)	—	—	—
Treatment
Diet only	13 (3.25)	—	—	—	—
	255 (63.75)	1.00	—	—	—
Medicine with diet	—	2.69 (0.72–10.02)	0.139	—	—
Insulin with diet	49 (12.25)	6.27 (1.52–25.90)	0.011	—	—
Medicine and insulin with diet	83 (20.75)	4.80 (1.23–18.76)	0.024	—	—
Complications of eye
No	165 (41.25)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	235 (58.75)	2.38 (1.58–3.59)	<0.001	—	—
Complications of ear
No	327 (81.75)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	73 (18.25)	2.26 (1.33–3.8)	0.002	—	—
Complications of kidney
No	39.75 (90.75)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	37 (9.25)	2.62 (1.26–5.47)	0.010	—	—
Complications of neuro
No	111 (27.75)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	289 (72.25)	1.95 (1.25–3.06)	0.003	—	—
Complications of foot
No	241 (60.25)	1.00	—	1.00	—
Yes	159 (39.75)	3.09 (2.03–4.70)	<0.001	2.81 (1.73–4.55)	<0.001
Complications of depression
No	164 (41.00)	1.00	—	1.00	—
Yes	236 (59.00)	2.91 (1.92–4.41)	<0.001	1.88 (1.15–3.06)	0.011
Recovery
No hospitalization	265 (66.25)	1.00	—	—	—
Completely	77 (19.25)	1.46 (0.88–2.43)	0.143	—	—
Partially	46 (11.50)	2.40 (1.25–4.63)	0.008	—	—
No relief at all	12 (3.00)	14.13		—	—
		(1.80–111.01)	0.012	—	—
Morbidity of HTN
No	178 (44.50)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	222 (55.50)	1.45 (0.97–2.15)	0.067	—	—
Morbidity of others
No	163 (40.75)	1.00	—	—	—
Yes	237 (59.25)	0.71 (0.47–1.05)	0.091	—	—
Diabetic Care Scale
Good (>35)	208 (52.13)	1.00	—	1.00	—
Bad (<35)	191 (47.87)	6.75 (4.35–10.46)	<0.001	6.50 (4.01-10. 52)	<0.001

Bold values indicate the the significant p values (p< or=0.05 at 95% CI) for factors after univariate and multivariate analysis. Details are provided in Section 3.