Focusing on the Golden Ball Metaheuristic: An Extended Study on a Wider Set of Problems

Table 2

Summary of the characteristics of GA₁, GA₂, DGA₁, and DGA₂ for the VRPB.

Alg.	Population	𝑝𝑐 and 𝑝𝑚	Surviv. funct.	Cross. oper.	Mut. operators
GA1	1 population, 48 individuals	80% & 20%	50% elitist—50% random	HRX	Insertion Routes
GA2	1 population, 48 individuals	0.003% & 100%	100% elitist	HRX	Insertion Routes
DGA1	4 subpopulations, each with 12 individuals	95% & 5%, 90% & 10%, 75% & 25%, 80% & 20%, respectively	50% elitist—50% random	HRX	Insertion Routes (the same for all subpopulations)
DGA2	4 subpopulations, each with 12 individuals	0.003% & 100%	100% elitist	HRX	2-opt, Insertion, Insertion Routes, and Swapping Routes (a different function for each population)