Tuning of Kalman Filter Parameters via Genetic Algorithm for State-of-Charge Estimation in Battery Management System

Table 2

RMS error recorded during charging operation.

Output	𝐐, 𝐑	RMS error [V]
Measurement, 𝑦−𝑦𝑣	1, 1	1.0013
Estimated (KF), 𝑦−𝑦𝑒	1, 1	1.9185×10^−4
Estimated (KF), 𝑦−𝑦𝑒	0.012697316315642,	2.3282×10^−6
(After GA tuning)	2.303940992875865