Research Article
A Synchronous-Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm
| Function type | Function name | Equation |
| Unimodal | Quadric | where | Quartic | where | Rosenbrock | where | Spherical/De Jong’s | where | Hyperellipsoid | where |
| Multimodal | Ackley | where | Griewank | where | Rastrigin | where | Salomon | where |
| Real world problem | FM sound wave | where and |
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