Immigrant Health Inequalities in the United States: Use of Eight Major National Data Systems

Table 6

Weighted prevalence and adjusted odds of health-risk behaviors among US adults aged 18+ years from 26 ethnic-immigrant groups: The National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2012.

	Current smoking				Physical inactivity				Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)				Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)
Ethnic-immigrant group	Prevalence		Adjusted odds ratio^1		Prevalence		Adjusted odds ratio^1		Prevalence		Adjusted odds ratio^1		Prevalence		Adjusted odds ratio^1
	%	SE	OR	95% CI	%	SE	OR	95% CI	%	SE	OR	95% CI	%	SE	OR	95% CI
Duration of residence in the US (years)
<5	11.8	0.7	0.58	0.50–0.67	42.0	1.2	1.34	1.21–1.50	11.8	0.8	0.38	0.33–0.45	44.7	1.3	0.57	0.51–0.64
5–9	10.6	0.6	0.47	0.41–0.54	43.9	1.0	1.31	1.19–1.45	16.7	0.7	0.46	0.41–0.51	50.9	1.0	0.56	0.51–0.61
10–14	9.9	0.6	0.43	0.37–0.49	41.9	0.9	1.17	1.07–1.28	19.9	0.8	0.53	0.48–0.59	58.1	1.0	0.70	0.64–0.76
15+	11.9	0.3	0.65	0.60–0.70	40.6	0.5	1.03	0.98–1.09	24.3	0.4	0.68	0.64–0.73	63.6	0.5	0.84	0.79–0.88
US-born	21.2	0.2	1.00	Reference	32.3	0.4	1.00	Reference	28.9	0.2	1.00	Reference	63.3	0.2	1.00	Reference
Ethnic-immigrant group
Non-Hispanic white, US-born	21.5	0.2	1.00	Reference	30.6	0.4	1.00	Reference	26.8	0.2	1.00	Reference	61.5	0.2	1.00	Reference
Non-Hispanic white, immigrant	15.7	0.7	0.80	0.73–0.89	31.3	0.8	1.11	1.02–1.21	20.0	0.7	0.73	0.67–0.80	56.1	0.9	0.84	0.78–0.90
Non-Hispanic black, US-born	21.7	0.4	0.65	0.61–0.68	42.6	0.6	1.33	1.26–1.41	39.3	0.5	1.66	1.59–1.73	72.0	0.4	1.81	1.73–1.90
Non-Hispanic black, immigrant	7.7	0.7	0.21	0.17–0.25	41.6	1.4	1.45	1.29–1.63	22.0	1.1	0.75	0.66–0.84	62.6	1.3	1.12	1.01–1.26
American Indian/Alaska native	32.0	2.7	1.20	0.91–1.57	38.4	2.2	1.14	0.92–1.40	41.7	2.1	1.87	1.57–2.23	69.6	1.8	1.54	1.29–1.85
Asian Indian, US-born	4.4	1.5	0.26	0.13–0.52	20.8	4.0	1.23	0.79–1.94	8.6	2.7	0.42	0.21–0.83	39.3	5.2	0.81	0.52–1.27
Asian Indian, immigrant	5.6	0.6	0.31	0.24–0.39	31.2	1.6	1.68	1.43–1.98	10.4	1.1	0.38	0.30–0.48	46.0	1.6	0.60	0.52–0.69
Chinese, US-born	4.7	1.2	0.29	0.18–0.48	22.6	2.8	1.25	0.89–1.74	7.0	1.4	0.30	0.20–0.45	32.6	2.7	0.43	0.34–0.55
Chinese, immigrant	6.0	0.6	0.28	0.22–0.36	34.2	1.5	1.40	1.20–1.63	3.1	0.6	0.09	0.06–0.14	24.3	1.3	0.21	0.18–0.24
Filipino, US-born	17.4	1.9	0.86	0.65–1.13	30.4	2.2	1.25	1.01–1.53	20.9	1.9	0.81	0.64–1.02	55.8	2.6	0.93	0.75–1.15
Filipino, immigrant	10.6	1.1	0.57	0.45–0.73	33.3	1.9	1.53	1.29–1.81	11.9	1.1	0.41	0.33–0.51	49.9	1.9	0.68	0.59–0.79
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, US-born	23.9	3.8	0.94	0.62–1.43	30.3	4.8	1.30	0.81–2.10	40.4	3.9	2.13	1.53–2.96	72.9	4.3	2.40	1.51–3.82
Pacific Islander, immigrant	13.0	4.7	0.37	0.17–0.81	37.6	6.7	1.27	0.66–2.45	41.3	6.5	1.81	1.02–3.20	79.6	5.0	2.40	1.18–4.90
Other Asians, US-born^2	15.3	1.3	0.80	0.66–0.98	24.2	1.6	1.08	0.92–1.27	13.0	1.3	0.54	0.42–0.68	44.9	1.7	0.68	0.58–0.79
Other Asians, immigrant^2	13.4	0.9	0.54	0.46–0.64	38.6	1.2	1.46	1.30–1.64	6.2	0.6	0.18	0.15–0.22	32.0	1.2	0.29	0.26–0.33
Mexican, US-born	16.5	0.6	0.48	0.44–0.52	33.5	0.9	1.14	1.06–1.24	37.3	0.8	1.75	1.64–1.87	71.7	0.6	2.01	1.88–2.15
Mexican, immigrant	10.6	0.4	0.19	0.17–0.20	48.3	0.8	1.28	1.19–1.37	29.4	0.6	0.96	0.90–1.03	71.7	0.7	1.54	1.43–1.66
Puerto Rican, mainland US-born	20.1	1.3	0.57	0.48–0.67	40.7	1.8	1.48	1.27–1.71	35.5	1.8	1.57	1.35–1.82	70.0	1.6	1.82	1.57–2.12
Puerto Rican, Puerto Rico-born	17.2	1.3	0.50	0.42–0.60	54.4	1.6	1.58	1.36–1.84	34.7	1.3	1.30	1.15–1.46	71.2	1.4	1.52	1.33–1.73
Cuban, US-born	19.2	2.6	0.78	0.54–1.10	32.0	3.2	1.40	1.03–1.90	25.9	3.9	1.10	0.73–1.65	59.3	2.9	1.23	0.95–1.60
Cuban, immigrant	15.4	1.3	0.51	0.42–0.63	56.9	1.7	1.86	1.59–2.19	28.2	1.6	0.92	0.79–1.07	67.6	2.0	1.15	0.94–1.41
Central & South American, US-born	11.5	1.5	0.38	0.28–0.51	29.9	2.2	1.29	1.04–1.60	24.1	2.0	1.16	0.93–1.46	60.1	2.2	1.56	1.28–1.91
Central & South American, immigrant	9.4	0.6	0.20	0.18–0.24	47.8	1.0	1.42	1.29–1.55	22.0	0.8	0.68	0.62–0.75	64.1	0.9	1.10	1.01–1.19
Other Hispanics, US-born	23.6	1.5	0.91	0.76–1.08	28.2	1.5	0.91	0.76–1.08	33.7	1.9	1.46	1.23–1.73	73.0	1.5	1.97	1.68–2.31
Other Hispanics, immigrant	12.3	2.6	0.34	0.21–0.55	39.8	4.1	1.22	0.86–1.73	34.4	4.2	1.32	0.91–1.92	71.0	3.4	1.41	1.04–1.92
All other groups	17.9	2.1	0.69	0.52–0.92	31.7	2.5	1.17	0.92–1.49	26.5	2.6	1.16	0.87–1.55	58.6	2.7	1.11	0.88–1.40

OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval.
¹Adjusted by logistic regression for survey year, age, gender, ethnic-immigrant status (or race/ethnicity and length of immigration), region of residence, education, marital status, poverty status, and occupation.
²This category includes Koreans, Vietnamese, Japanese, Cambodians, Laotians, Hmongs, Thais, Pakistanis, and other Asians.