Immigrant Health Inequalities in the United States: Use of Eight Major National Data Systems
Table 2
Average annual age-adjusted death rates for selected major causes of death by nativity/immigrant status, United States, 1999–2001.
Cause of death
Male
Female
US-born
Foreign-born
Rate
US-born
Foreign-born
Rate
Rate
SE
Rate
SE
Ratio
Rate
SE
Rate
SE
Ratio
All-cause mortality
1092.80
0.60
846.60
1.59
0.77*
734.8
0.39
619.0
1.10
0.84*
Non-Hispanic white
1019.60
0.60
993.00
2.60
0.97*
717.3
0.42
716.3
1.79
1.00
Black
1463.80
2.31
883.30
8.17
0.60*
971.5
1.49
614.0
5.30
0.63*
Asian/Pacific Islander
744.80
6.13
666.60
3.51
0.89*
463.2
4.38
468.0
2.60
1.01
Hispanic
937.80
3.35
736.40
3.02
0.79*
604.4
2.25
507.2
2.00
0.84*
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
420.40
0.39
354.40
1.08
0.84*
286.3
0.24
274.6
0.70
0.96*
Non-Hispanic white
392.40
0.39
411.20
1.61
1.05*
278.0
0.26
304.0
1.00
1.09*
Black
533.90
1.48
353.20
5.45
0.66*
397.9
0.98
275.8
3.60
0.69*
Asian/Pacific Islander
310.70
4.09
279.60
2.39
0.90*
181.4
2.79
209.3
1.80
1.15*
Hispanic
339.20
2.18
293.00
2.04
0.86*
230.9
1.47
218.9
1.40
0.95*
All cancers combined
257.60
0.29
193.50
0.78
0.75*
169.3
0.20
135.8
0.53
0.80*
Non-Hispanic white
247.10
0.30
237.60
1.28
0.96*
169.6
0.22
171.4
0.94
1.01
Black
355.30
1.19
218.80
4.17
0.62*
203.7
0.70
140.4
2.42
0.69*
Asian/Pacific Islander
180.40
3.08
161.50
1.69
0.90*
122.2
2.33
107.2
1.14
0.88*
Hispanic
193.40
1.56
158.70
1.43
0.82*
119.4
0.99
104.6
0.91
0.88*
Stomach cancer
5.90
0.04
10.80
0.18
1.83*
2.90
0.03
5.80
0.11
2.00*
Non-Hispanic white
4.90
0.04
11.60
0.28
2.36*
2.40
0.03
5.40
0.16
2.27*
Black
13.00
0.23
14.20
1.05
1.10
6.40
0.13
7.30
0.57
1.15
Asian/Pacific Islander
13.90
0.86
12.50
0.47
0.90
7.30
0.56
7.50
0.31
1.03
Hispanic
10.60
0.37
8.90
0.33
0.83*
5.50
0.22
5.10
0.20
0.93
Liver and IBD cancer
6.40
0.05
9.80
0.17
1.52*
2.70
0.03
4.80
0.10
1.76*
Non-Hispanic white
5.80
0.05
7.40
0.24
1.29*
2.50
0.03
3.50
0.13
1.37*
Black
9.40
0.18
10.00
0.81
1.06
3.90
0.10
4.70
0.44
1.20
Asian/Pacific Islander
9.10
0.69
19.00
0.53
2.08*
4.10
0.42
8.10
0.31
1.98*
Hispanic
13.9
0.39
7.90
0.31
0.57*
4.80
0.20
5.20
0.21
1.07
Unintentional injuries
51.30
0.13
39.70
0.33
0.77*
22.90
0.07
16.90
0.21
0.74*
Non-Hispanic white
49.70
0.14
51.40
0.82
1.04*
23.20
0.09
23.00
0.54
0.99
Black
62.80
0.43
36.30
1.47
0.58*
23.60
0.23
15.30
0.89
0.65*
Asian/Pacific Islander
28.50
1.11
25.40
0.65
0.89*
13.10
0.70
14.10
0.44
1.08
Hispanic
48.80
0.61
42.50
0.55
0.87*
17.90
0.34
14.90
0.34
0.83*
Suicide
18.90
0.07
11.30
0.16
0.60*
4.20
0.03
2.90
0.08
0.69*
Non-Hispanic white
20.60
0.09
20.60
0.45
1.00
4.70
0.04
5.50
0.23
1.15*
Black
10.70
0.16
8.40
0.53
0.78*
1.80
0.06
1.50
0.20
0.84
Asian/Pacific Islander
13.20
0.72
8.70
0.31
0.65*
2.50
0.29
3.50
0.18
1.38*
Hispanic
11.90
0.28
9.20
0.27
0.78*
2.10
0.10
1.40
0.09
0.68*
Homicide
9.80
0.05
10.50
0.15
1.08*
3.00
0.03
2.60
0.10
0.86*
Non-Hispanic white
4.50
0.04
8.40
0.34
1.89*
2.10
0.03
2.90
0.21
1.36*
Black
39.50
0.29
22.90
0.84
0.58*
7.90
0.12
4.20
0.39
0.54*
Asian/Pacific Islander
4.60
0.38
5.70
0.24
1.24*
2.20
0.26
2.30
0.15
1.04
Hispanic
12.80
0.24
12.20
0.23
0.95
3.30
0.12
2.60
0.14
0.76*
Death rates are per 100,000 population and are age-adjusted by the direct method to the 2000 US standard population. SE: standard error; Rate ratio: ratio of mortality rate for immigrants to that for the US-born. *. US- or native-born are individuals born in the 50 states, DC, Puerto Rico, and other US territories. Immigrants refer to those born elsewhere. Source: [7].