Design and Optimization of a New Vibration Damping System for the Driving Characteristics of the Selected Case of Replacing Pneumatic Wheels with Nonpneumatic Wheels

<div>Amplitude-frequency characteristic curves: (a) <span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.2271pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.93602 37.2599 12.2271" width="37.2599pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.081,-.405)"><path d="M-248 570C-248 598 -269 620 -296 620C-321 620 -343 598 -343 570C-343 544 -321 522 -296 522C-269 522 -248 544 -248 570ZM-80 570C-80 598 -101 620 -128 620C-153 620 -175 598 -175 570C-175 544 -153 522 -128 522C-101 522 -80 544 -80 570Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M475 445L452 468C423 436 401 426 385 426S352 427 305 436C268 443 216 448 185 448C156 448 128 425 102 382C89 360 77 338 64 304L89 291C117 340 143 380 190 380C214 380 268 376 295 373C320 370 344 371 362 374L70 101C32 65 23 36 23 18C23 5 27 -3 31 -8C36 -8 39 -6 42 -1C52 15 67 31 80 40S110 49 143 33C195 8 257 -20 290 -20C339 -20 382 11 439 129L416 148C366 74 334 55 305 55C278 55 236 68 203 81C169 94 141 100 122 96C205 170 348 308 411 376L475 445Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.149,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.75,0)"><path d="M548 311L516 323C497 274 452 240 400 240C372 240 342 260 316 278C277 305 235 330 188 330C116 330 66 268 40 199L72 187C91 236 136 270 188 270C216 270 246 250 272 232C311 205 353 180 400 180C472 180 522 242 548 311Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.094,-.405)"><path d="M-161 571C-161 600 -183 623 -212 623C-238 623 -262 600 -262 571C-262 544 -238 520 -212 520C-183 520 -161 544 -161 571Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.013,0)"><path d="M475 445L452 468C423 436 401 426 385 426S352 427 305 436C268 443 216 448 185 448C156 448 128 425 102 382C89 360 77 338 64 304L89 291C117 340 143 380 190 380C214 380 268 376 295 373C320 370 344 371 362 374L70 101C32 65 23 36 23 18C23 5 27 -3 31 -8C36 -8 39 -6 42 -1C52 15 67 31 80 40S110 49 143 33C195 8 257 -20 290 -20C339 -20 382 11 439 129L416 148C366 74 334 55 305 55C278 55 236 68 203 81C169 94 141 100 122 96C205 170 348 308 411 376L475 445Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,32.162,3.132)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g></svg>;</span> (b) <span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.7178pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.5374 12.7178" width="38.5374pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.003,0)"><path d="M548 311L516 323C497 274 452 240 400 240C372 240 342 260 316 278C277 305 235 330 188 330C116 330 66 268 40 199L72 187C91 236 136 270 188 270C216 270 246 250 272 232C311 205 353 180 400 180C472 180 522 242 548 311Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.346,-.405)"><path d="M-161 571C-161 600 -183 623 -212 623C-238 623 -262 600 -262 571C-262 544 -238 520 -212 520C-183 520 -161 544 -161 571Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.266,0)"><path d="M475 445L452 468C423 436 401 426 385 426S352 427 305 436C268 443 216 448 185 448C156 448 128 425 102 382C89 360 77 338 64 304L89 291C117 340 143 380 190 380C214 380 268 376 295 373C320 370 344 371 362 374L70 101C32 65 23 36 23 18C23 5 27 -3 31 -8C36 -8 39 -6 42 -1C52 15 67 31 80 40S110 49 143 33C195 8 257 -20 290 -20C339 -20 382 11 439 129L416 148C366 74 334 55 305 55C278 55 236 68 203 81C169 94 141 100 122 96C205 170 348 308 411 376L475 445Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,33.414,3.132)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g></svg>;</span> and (c) <span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 52.9041 12.5794" width="52.9041pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M584 650H137L131 622C214 614 217 612 200 521L125 127C109 41 101 35 23 28L17 0H288L294 28C201 35 193 42 209 128L242 309H348C440 309 442 300 443 226H471L510 422H482C452 354 449 348 357 348H251L295 575C302 609 304 615 338 615H426C502 615 517 604 526 581C534 560 536 524 537 492L565 494C574 554 583 631 584 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.786,3.132)"><path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.436,0)"><path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.797,0)"><path d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.321,0)"><path d="M548 311L516 323C497 274 452 240 400 240C372 240 342 260 316 278C277 305 235 330 188 330C116 330 66 268 40 199L72 187C91 236 136 270 188 270C216 270 246 250 272 232C311 205 353 180 400 180C472 180 522 242 548 311Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.665,-.405)"><path d="M-161 571C-161 600 -183 623 -212 623C-238 623 -262 600 -262 571C-262 544 -238 520 -212 520C-183 520 -161 544 -161 571Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.584,0)"><path d="M475 445L452 468C423 436 401 426 385 426S352 427 305 436C268 443 216 448 185 448C156 448 128 425 102 382C89 360 77 338 64 304L89 291C117 340 143 380 190 380C214 380 268 376 295 373C320 370 344 371 362 374L70 101C32 65 23 36 23 18C23 5 27 -3 31 -8C36 -8 39 -6 42 -1C52 15 67 31 80 40S110 49 143 33C195 8 257 -20 290 -20C339 -20 382 11 439 129L416 148C366 74 334 55 305 55C278 55 236 68 203 81C169 94 141 100 122 96C205 170 348 308 411 376L475 445Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.733,3.132)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

Shock and Vibration

fig4

Figure 4

Figure 4: Design and Optimization of a New Vibration Damping System for the Driving Characteristics of the Selected Case of Replacing Pneumatic Wheels with Nonpneumatic Wheels 

Figure 4 | Design and Optimization of a New Vibration Damping System for the Driving Characteristics of the Selected Case of Replacing Pneumatic Wheels with Nonpneumatic Wheels 