Abstract
In this paper, 25-ton and 27-ton axle heavy trucks are used to carry out moving loading and dynamic real vehicle test on the cracked section, the intact section, and the repaired section of a railway tunnel foundation to test the dynamic performance of the tunnel basement structure with the change of axle loads and health conditions. By analyzing the influence law of dynamic response and fatigue life of heavy haul train under different basement conditions (intact, damaged, and repaired), the adaptability of railway tunnel equipment to freight trucks axle load is clarified. The results show that (1) the intact section of the tunnel can meet the normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trains in good condition. (2) The normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trucks is seriously affected by the cracked section of the tunnel. When the cracks in the tunnel basement are gradually hollowed out by groundwater, serious traffic accidents such as vehicle shaking and derailment are likely to occur. (3) The repaired section of the tunnel can meet the normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trains after adopting the integrated comprehensive treatment of “Anchor-Injection-Drainage”. The research results will have reference significance for the condition assessment and disease treatment of the basement structure of the heavy haul railway tunnel.
1. Introduction
Heavy haul railway has become the best choice for transporting bulk goods in the world because of its advantages of large volume, high speed, low energy consumption, and low cost. However, it is inevitable that heavy haul railway tunnels under construction and completed will inevitably have greater hidden dangers due to the bearing of heavy train load on the foundation structure. Lots of scholars have researched the stress distribution characteristics and dynamic response of heavy haul railway tunnel structure under heavy train load [1–15]. But there is still insufficient understanding of the vibration characteristics of substructure of the heavy haul railway tunnel under different axle loads and health conditions. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the vibration characteristics for the basement structure of heavy haul railway tunnel under different axle loads and health conditions.
There are many railway tunnels in China, and most of them are long tunnels [16]. Under the condition of running 10,000-ton and 20,000-ton C80 freight trucks, some structural defects gradually appear in the railway tunnel, especially the basement crack damage, the tunnel construction joints, variable cross section of refuge tunnel, and leakage water, and are particularly obvious. In addition, the problems of drainage system blockage, ditch silting, water accumulation at the tunnel basement structure, and pressure bearing are also prominent [17].
2. Dynamic Stress and Vibration Response of Tunnel Basement Structure
In this paper, 25-ton and 27-ton axle heavy trucks are used to carry out moving loading and dynamic real vehicle test on the cracked section, the intact section, and the repaired section (adopting the integrated comprehensive treatment of “Anchor-Injection-Drainage”) of a railway tunnel foundation. The dynamic pressure stress and vibration acceleration of the tunnel basement structure under the action of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trucks under different health conditions are analyzed. The load characteristics of the foundation of the typical section of the existing railway tunnel under the operation conditions of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trucks as well as the stress and vibration laws of the foundation structure are mastered. It provides the measured data for the stress checking and evaluation of the foundation structure in the typical section of the existing railway tunnel.
2.1. Test Content
The dynamic test was carried out to test the dynamic performance of the tunnel basement structure with the change of axle loading and health conditions.(1)Dynamic response and adaptability analysis of typical railway tunnel basement structure to C80 (25-ton axle load) and C80E (27-ton axle load) freight trucks under the condition of intact tunnel basement structure(2)Dynamic response and adaptability analysis of typical railway tunnel basement structure to C80 (25-ton axle load) and C80E (27-ton axle load) freight trucks under tunnel basement structure cracking condition(3)Dynamic response and adaptability analysis of typical railway tunnel foundation structure to C80 (25-ton axle load) and C80E (27-ton axle load) freight trucks under the condition of tunnel basement structure crack damage anchorage reinforcement
2.2. Test Method
The test methods used in this paper are as follows:(1)Dynamic stress test of tunnel basement structure: dynamic stress sensors are installed at different positions on the concrete surface of the filling layer, and a dynamic acquisition instrument is used to monitor the dynamic strain of concrete on the surface of the filling layer when the train passes through the tunnel(2)Vibration acceleration test of tunnel basement structure: vibration acceleration sensors are installed at different positions on the concrete surface of the filling layer, and a dynamic acquisition instrument is used to monitor the vibration acceleration of filling layer surface when the train passes through the tunnel
2.3. Layout of Test Work Points and Measuring Points
The test sites are as follows. The field dynamic test of the tunnel basement structure is carried out in the test tunnel, which mainly includes dynamic stress test and vibration acceleration test on the filling layer surface of the tunnel basement structure. The contents and number of points for the tunnel structure test are shown in Table 1.
Under the action of the test train, the dynamic strain and triaxial dynamic response (amplitude, strong vibration frequency, acceleration, and natural frequency) and other parameters of the tunnel basement structure are tested to master the working state of the tunnel structure under dynamic load.
The layout of measuring points is shown in Figure 1.
2.4. General Situation of Test Project
Three sections (cracked section, intact section, and repaired section) of a railway tunnel were selected for the structural dynamic test. The stress, vibration, safety, and other parameters of tunnel basement structure under the action of real vehicles were tested. The test site is shown in Figures 2–5.
2.5. Load Diagram of Test Locomotive
The test vehicle consists of one section of DF8B locomotive at the head and one at the tail, 21 sections of C80 special freight trucks (25-ton axle load), and 10 sections of C80E special freight trucks (27-ton axle load) in the middle. The load diagram is shown in Figures 6–8.
3. Analysis of Test Data
The vertical dynamic stress, vibration acceleration, and test data comparison of filling layer at tunnel basement structure have been analyzed in this section.
3.1. Vertical Dynamic Stress Analysis of Filling Layer at Tunnel Basement Structure
Taking this tunnel as an example, the vertical dynamic stress of the top surface of the invert filling layer in the intact zone, cracked zone, and repaired zone when the test train passes through is shown in Figures 9–11. The results show that the dynamic stress of DF8B locomotive is higher than that of C80E freight car, and the maximum vertical dynamic stress appears at the bogie of DF8B locomotive, which is 21.82 kPa, 33.91 kPa, and 31.70 kPa, respectively, showing an increasing trend. The average dynamic stress of C80 special truck is 11.25 kPa, 30.84 kPa, and 28.37 kPa, which increases first and then decreases; the average dynamic stress of C80E special truck is 15.98 kPa, 31.09 kPa, and 29.07 kPa, which also increases first and then decreases.
The vertical dynamic stress of the top surface of the invert filling layer under the track of intact zone, cracked zone, and repaired zone when the test train passes through is shown in Figures 12–14. The results show that the dynamic stress of DF8B locomotive is higher than that of C80E special freight car, and the maximum vertical dynamic stress value appears at the bogie of the first section of C80E special freight car, which is 150.74 kPa, 154.12 kPa, and 152.14 kPa, respectively, which increases first and then decreases. The average dynamic stress of C80 special truck is 116.27 kPa, 120.74 kPa, and 117.47 kPa, respectively, which also increases first and then decreases; the average dynamic stress of C80E special truck is 139.33 kPa, 147.59 kPa, and 143.22 kPa, which also increases first and then decreases.
3.2. Vibration Acceleration Analysis of Filling Layer at Tunnel Basement Structure
Taking this tunnel as an example, the vibration accelerations of the top surface of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track in the intact zone, which are perpendicular to the horizontal direction (X-axis), along the horizontal direction (Y-axis), and the vertical direction (Z-axis) of the line, are shown in Figures 15–17. The results show that the vibration acceleration of DF8B locomotive is higher than that of C80E special freight trucks. The order of vibration acceleration value of C80 special truck is vertical (Z-axis) > along the line horizontal (Y-axis) > vertical line horizontal (X -axis). The maximum vibration accelerations of vertical line horizontal (X-axis), along the line horizontal (Y-axis), and vertical (Z-axis) are 0.17 m/s2, 1.77 m/s2, and 2.41 m/s2, respectively, showing an increasing trend. The results show that the average vibration accelerations of C80E special truck on the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis are 0.05 m/s2, 0.51 m/s2, and 1.23 m/s2, respectively, showing an increasing trend; the average vibration accelerations of C80E special truck on the X-axis, Y-axis, and z-axis are 0.03 m/s2, 0.35 m/s2, and 0.82 m/s2, respectively, showing an increasing trend.
The vertical vibration acceleration (Z-axis) of the top surface of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track in the cracked zone when the test train passes is shown in Figures 18-20. The results show that the order of vibration acceleration value of C80 special truck is (1) vertical (Z-axis) > along the line horizontal (Y-axis) > vertical line horizontal (X-axis); (2) crack zone > intact zone. The maximum vibration acceleration of vertical line in the horizontal direction (X-axis), horizontal (Y-axis), and vertical direction (Z-axis) is divided into three parts. The average vibration accelerations of C80E special truck on X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis are 3.21 m/s2, 2.01 m/s2, and 1.82 m/s2, respectively; the average vibration accelerations of C80E special truck on X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis are 2.37 m/s2, 1.97 m/s2, and 1.95 m/s2, respectively.
The vertical vibration acceleration (Z-axis) of the top surface of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track in the repaired zone when the test train passes is shown in Figures 21–23. The results show that the vibration acceleration of DF8B locomotive is higher than that of C80E special freight trucks. The order of vibration acceleration value of C80 special truck in the repair zone is (1) vertical (Z-axis) > along the line horizontal (Y-axis) > vertical line horizontal (X-axis); (2) cracked zone > repaired zone > intact zone. The maximum vibration acceleration of C80E special truck is 0.15 m/s2, 2.40 m/s2, and 2.26 m/s2, respectively; the average vibration acceleration of C80E special truck on X-, Y-, and Z-axes is 0.02 m/s2, 0.48 m/s2, and 0.37 m/s2, respectively; the average vibration acceleration of C80E special truck on X-, Y-, and Z-axes is 0.01 m/s2, 0.26 m/s2, and 0.34 m/s2, respectively.
3.3. Test Data Comparison
The distribution law of load along the tunnel structure was summarized, and the tunnel structure under the vibration load of the heavy haul train was mastered. The loading mode and dynamic performance of the system are discussed.’
3.3.1. Comparative Analysis of Test Data of Intact, A1 Level Crack, and Reinforced Sections
By comparing and analyzing the test data (as shown in Figures 24–26), such as the maximum vertical dynamic stress at the top of the inverted arch filling layer, the maximum vertical dynamic stress at the top of the inverted arch filling layer, and the maximum vertical acceleration at the top of the inverted arch filling layer under the track in the intact section, the A1 level cracked section, and the reinforced section, the following rules are obtained:(i)The maximum vertical dynamic stress on the top of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track is A1 level crack section > reinforcement section > intact section(ii)The maximum vertical dynamic stress at the top of the filling layer is A1 level crack section > reinforcement section > intact section(iii)The maximum vertical vibration acceleration of the top surface of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track is A1 level crack section > intact section > reinforced section
3.3.2. Comparative Analysis of Test Data of DF8B, C80, and C80E
By comparing and analyzing the test data at the centre of the road on the top of the inverted arch filling layer and the maximum vertical dynamic stress value of the inverted arch filling layer under the track of DF8B locomotive, C80 special freight trucks (25-ton axle load), and C80E general freight trucks (27-ton axle load), the following rules are obtained:(i)The maximum vertical dynamic stress at the centre of the road on the top of the inverted arch filling layer: DF8B locomotive > C80E general purpose freight trucks (27-ton axle load) > C80 special purpose freight trucks (25-ton axle load).(ii)The maximum vertical dynamic stress on the top of the inverted arch filling layer directly below the track: DF8B locomotive > C80E general purpose freight trucks (27-ton axle load) > C80 special purpose freight trucks (25-ton axle load).(ii)The vertical vibration acceleration of the intact section: DF8B locomotive > C80 special freight trucks (25-ton axle load) > C80E general freight trucks (27-ton axle load).(iii)The vertical vibration acceleration of the A1 level cracked section: DF8B locomotive > C80 special freight trucks (25-ton axle load) > C80E general freight trucks (27-ton axle load).(iv)Thevertical vibration acceleration of the reinforced section: DF8B locomotive > C80 special truck (25-ton axle load) > C80E general truck (27-ton axle load).
4. Conclusion
By analyzing the influence law of dynamic response and fatigue life of heavy haul train under different basement conditions (intact, damaged, and repaired), the adaptability of the railway tunnel equipment to freight trucks axle load is clarified.(1)The intact section of the tunnel can meet the normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trains in good condition.(2)The normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trucks is seriously affected by the cracked section of the tunnel. When the cracks in the tunnel basement are gradually hollowed out by groundwater, serious traffic accidents such as vehicle shaking and derailment are likely to occur.(3)The repaired section of the tunnel can meet the normal operation of 25-ton and 27-ton axle load freight trains after adopting the integrated comprehensive treatment of “Anchor-Injection-Drainage”.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support of the Research and Development Project of Science and Technology of China Railway Corporation (no. P2018X011).