Multiresonant Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Integrated with High Sensitivity Piezoelectric Accelerometer for Bridge Health Monitoring Applications

<table class="table-group" id="tab8"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Harvester configuration</td><td class="align_center"><svg height="11.8174pt" id="M213" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 13.8383 11.8174" width="13.8383pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z" id="g113-83"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="627" vert-adv-y="627"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.086,3.132)"><path d="M567 167L534 181C505 122 482 94 454 70C428 46 385 42 330 42C288 42 248 44 235 55C216 70 213 91 220 130L295 528C310 609 314 611 401 618L409 650H140L131 618C222 611 224 609 209 528L133 126C118 47 108 41 25 33L18 0H497C514 33 554 126 567 167Z" id="g50-77"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="579" vert-adv-y="579"></glyph.data></g></svg> at peak power <br/>in kΩ</td><td class="align_center">Maximum power <br/>in <i>µ</i>W at 10 Hz</td><td class="align_center">Maximum power <br/>in <i>µ</i>W at 20 Hz</td><td class="align_center">Maximum power <br/>in <i>µ</i>W at 30 Hz</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">A</td><td class="align_center">1570</td><td class="align_center">872</td><td class="align_center">120.05</td><td class="align_center"> 19.36</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">A<svg height="11.439pt" id="M214" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>B</td><td class="align_center"> 525</td><td class="align_center">1171</td><td class="align_center">345.83</td><td class="align_center"> 62.71</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">A<svg height="11.439pt" id="M215" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>B<svg height="11.439pt" id="M216" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>C</td><td class="align_center"> 350</td><td class="align_center">1316</td><td class="align_center">685.53</td><td class="align_center">132.14</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">A<svg height="11.439pt" id="M217" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>B<svg height="11.439pt" id="M218" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>C<svg height="11.439pt" id="M219" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>D</td><td class="align_center"> 175</td><td class="align_center">1267</td><td class="align_center">753.33</td><td class="align_center">239.29</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">A<svg height="11.439pt" id="M220" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>B<svg height="11.439pt" id="M221" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>C<svg height="11.439pt" id="M222" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>D<svg height="11.439pt" id="M223" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 5.46267 11.439" width="5.46267pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M162 -163V703H102V-163H162ZM309 -163V703H249V-163H309Z" id="g113-10"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center"> 175</td><td class="align_center">1135</td><td class="align_center">753.33</td><td class="align_center">239.29</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Power output at <svg height="11.7782pt" id="M212" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 28.7111 11.7782" width="28.7111pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M546 430L539 434C529 434 505 438 495 440C473 444 450 448 430 448C352 448 265 412 213 366C145 306 96 203 96 103C96 22 135 -12 160 -12C190 -12 238 14 262 32C310 68 368 120 411 184H413C403 117 396 75 384 21C353 -118 325 -158 291 -184C270 -200 241 -205 208 -205C133 -205 90 -164 74 -110C70 -98 58 -100 49 -107C34 -119 23 -140 23 -155C23 -190 74 -261 166 -261C219 -261 280 -233 314 -208C383 -157 446 -79 470 81C491 223 529 388 546 430ZM456 386C452 357 433 283 420 252C402 216 366 174 325 129C288 88 239 56 212 56C192 56 182 77 182 120C182 165 199 242 226 292C256 348 281 377 311 389C327 395 353 402 375 402C408 402 436 394 456 386Z" id="g113-104"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="569" vert-adv-y="569"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.03,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.293,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg> for parallel connected energy harvesters.

Smart Materials Research

tab8

Table 8

Table 8: Multiresonant Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Integrated with High Sensitivity Piezoelectric Accelerometer for Bridge Health Monitoring Applications 

Table 8 | Multiresonant Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Integrated with High Sensitivity Piezoelectric Accelerometer for Bridge Health Monitoring Applications 