Research Article
Consumption of Energy Drinks and Their Effects on Sleep Quality among Students at the Copperbelt University School of Medicine in Zambia
Table 2
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index components by Gender.
| Characteristics | All | Females | Males | P value |
| Subjective sleep quality (n = 138) | | | | |
| (i) Very good | 30 (21.7%) | 14 (25.5%) | 16 (19.3%) | 0.353 | (ii) Fairly good | 67 (48.6%) | 24 (43.6%) | 43 (51.8%) | (iii) Fairly bad | 27 (19.6%) | 9 (16.4%) | 18 (21.7%) | (iv) Very bad | 14 (10.1%) | 8 (14.5%) | 6 (7.2%) |
| Sleep latency (n = 138) | | | | |
| (i) <15 minutes | 65 (47.1%) | 26 (47.3%) | 39 (47.0%) | 0.237 | (ii) 16-30 minutes | 47 (34.1%) | 26 (27.3%) | 21 (25.3%) | (iii) 31-60 minutes | 28 (20.3%) | 8 (14.5%) | 20 (24.1%) | (iv) >60 minutes | 9 (6.5%) | 6 (10.9%) | 3 (3.6%) |
| Sleep duration (n = 138) | | | | |
| (i) >7 hours | 6 (4.3%) | 2 (3.6%) | 4 (4.8%) | 0.495 | (ii) 6-7 hours | 14 (10.1%) | 6 (10.9%) | 8 (9.6%) | (iii) 5-6 hours | 36 (26.1%) | 18 (32.7%) | 18 (21.7%) | (iv) <5 hours | 82 (59.4%) | 29 (52.7%) | 53 (63.9%) |
| Sleep efficiency (n = 137) | | | | |
| (i) >85% | 97 (70.8%) | 38 (69.1%) | 59 (72.0%) | 0.584 | (ii) 75-84% | 19 (13.9%) | 6 (10.9%) | 13 (15.9%) | (iii) 65-74% | 6 (4.4%) | 3 (5.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | (iv) <65% | 15 (10.9%) | 8 (14.5%) | 7 (8.5%) |
| Sleep Disturbances (n = 137) | | | | |
| (i) Not during the past month | 6 (4.4%) | 2 (3.7%) | 4 (4.8%) | 0.072 | (ii) Less than once a week | 112 (81.8%) | 40 (74.1%) | 72 (86.7%) | (iii) Once or twice a week | 18 (13.1%) | 12 (22.2%) | 6 (7.2%) | (iv) Three or more times a week | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) |
| Sleep Medication (n = 138) | | | | |
| (i) Not during the past month | 127 (92.0%) | 47 (85.5%) | 80 (96.4%) | 0.057 | (ii) Less than once a week | 10 (7.2%) | 7 (12.7%) | 3 (3.6%) | (iii) Once or twice a week | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Daytime dysfunction (n = 138) | | | | |
| (i) Not a problem | 64 (46.4%) | 22 (40.0%) | 42 (50.6%) | 0.479 | (ii) Only a slight problem | 55 (39.9%) | 23 (41.8%) | 32 (38.6%) | (iii) Somewhat of a problem | 16 (11.6%) | 8 (14.5%) | 8 (9.6%) | (iv) A very big problem | 3 (2.2%) | 2 (3.6%) | 1 (1.2%) |
| Sleep Quality (n = 137) | | | | |
| (i) Good | 84 (61.3%) | 37 (67.3%) | 47 (57.3%) | 0.241 | (ii) Poor | 53 (38.7%) | 18 (32.7%) | 35 (42.7%) |
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