Research Article
Predictors of Increased Daytime Sleepiness in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Daytime sleepiness.
| | Variables | Excessive daytime sleepiness
ESS ≥ 10 () | Normal daytime sleepiness
ESS < 10 () | Sig. |
| | Gender | | | 0.983 | | Male | 6 | 28 | | | Female | 5 | 23 | | | Age | 59 y (7) | 67 y (9) | 0.009 | | BMI | 27 kg/m2 (8) | 25 kg/m2 (5) | 0.912 |
| | COPD | | | | | CAT | 20 (IQR 5) | 12 (IQR 9) | 0.000 | | FEV1 | 70% (IQR 23) | 75% (IQR 35) | 0.804 | | COPD grades | | | 0.624 | | Grade I | 3 (27.3%) | 17 (33.3%) | | | Grade II | 7 (63.4%) | 23 (45.1%) | | | Grade III | 1 (9.1%) | 7 (13.7%) | | | Grade IV | 0 | 4 (7.8%) | | | COPD risk group | | | 0.003 | | Risk group A | 0 | 22 (43.1%) | | | Risk group B | 10 (90.9%) | 18 (35.3%) | | | Risk group C/D | 1 (9.1%) | 11 (21.6%) | |
| | Sleep-related breathing | | | | | Mean AHI | 8 events/h (12) | 6 events/h (8) | 0.817 | | Median AHI | 3.0 (IQR 12) | 4.0 (IQR 7) | 1.000 | | AHI | | | 0.830 | | Pathologic (AHI ≥ 5) | 5 (45.5%) | 25 (49.0%) | | | Nonpathologic (AHI < 5) | 6 (54.5%) | 26 (51.0%) | | | Median oxygen desaturations | 26 (IQR 146) | 21 (IQR 44) | 0.985 | | Snoring events | 781 (IQR 909) | 647 (IQR 1648) | 0.905 |
| | Energy expenditure | | | | | EE at night | 1925 J (IQR 1431) | 2248 J (IQR 824) | 0.537 | | Active EE during day | 1042 J (IQR 1256) | 1402 J (IQR 2126) | 0.362 | | MET at night | 0.9 (IQR 0.2) | 0.9 (IQR 0.1) | 0.977 |
| | Sleep | | | | | Sleep episodes | 8 (IQR 6) | 8 (IQR 7) | 0.644 | | Total sleep time | 306 min (IQR 180) | 356 (IQR 174) | 0.761 | | Wake time | 31 min (IQR 63) | 50 min (IQR 66) | 0.261 | | Sleep efficiency | 90% (IQR 10) | 87% (IQR 15) | 0.433 |
| | Comorbidities | | | | | Cardiovascular disease | 4 (36.4%) | 19 (37.3%) | 0.956 | | Diabetes mellitus | 3 (27.3%) | 4 (7.8%) | 0.065 | | Depression | 2 (18.2%) | 5 (10.0%) | 0.426 |
| | Daytime sleepiness | | | | | Mean ESS | 12 pts (3) | 5 pts (2) | 0.000 | | Median ESS | 11 (IQR 6) | 5 (IQR 4) | 0.001 |
| | SNOT-20 | | | | | SNOT-20 (total) | 24 (IQR 25) | 16 (IQR 18) | 0.126 | | ALQ subscore | 14 (IQR 17) | 7 (IQR 9) | 0.104 |
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AHI: Apnea Hypopnea Index, BMI: Body Mass Index, COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, EE: energy expenditure, ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, MET: metabolic equivalent, OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and SNOT: Sinonasal Outcome Test.
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