Noncooperative 802.11 MAC Layer Fingerprinting and Tracking of Mobile Devices

Figure 3

Graphical representation of the tradeoff between variability and stability, which can be controlled via . Incorporating more stable bits in the fingerprint increases stability of the fingerprint at the expense of fingerprint variability.

(a) between  for a large test set of 10,000 devices

(b) between for a small test set of 100 devices