Review Article
The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare
Table 5
Etiology of magnesium deficiency [
6].
| (i) Reduced dietary intake (processed foods) | (ii) Reduced gastrointestinal absorption (vitamin D deficiency) | (iii) Loss of magnesium from the gastrointestinal tract | Diarrhea and vomiting (acute) | (a) Chronic diarrhea and fat malabsorption: | (1) Celiac disease (all patients with this are deficient) [16] | (2) Regional enteritis | (3) Crohn’s disease may require as much as 700 mg/day of magnesium [17] | (4) Resection or small intestine bypass | (5) Laxative use | (iv) Increased renal loss (on average 30% of dietary intake is lost in urine) [18] | (a) Diabetes mellitus/insulin resistance | (1) Due to renal excretion as a result of higher glucose concentrations in the kidney resulting in increased urine output | (b) Alcoholism | (1) Due to decreased intake, gastrointestinal problems, vomiting, phosphate depletion, renal dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency | [19] | (c) Medication induced (see Table 8) | (v) Excessive sweating | (a) On average 10–15% of total output of magnesium may be recovered in sweat | (vi) Increased requirements (pregnancy and growth) | (vii) Older adults: due to lower magnesium intake, decreased absorption, increased renal excretion |
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