Inequalities in US Life Expectancy by Area Unemployment Level, 1990–2010
Table 2
All-cause and cause-specific mortality rates1 per 100,000 population for low and high unemployment areas, United States, 1990–1992 and 2006–2010.
2006–2010
1990–1992
Low unemployment area (<3%)
High unemployment area (≥9%)
High/low unemployment
Low unemployment area (<3%)
High unemployment area (≥9%)
High/low unemployment
Rate
SE
Rate
SE
Rate ratio
95% CI
Rate
SE
Rate
SE
Rate ratio
95% CI
All causes of death
671.10
1.06
834.14
0.87
1.24
1.24–1.25
807.43
2.24
1031.03
1.16
1.28
1.27–1.28
Males 25–64 (working age)
283.52
1.21
544.27
1.35
1.92
1.90–1.94
371.24
2.86
721.91
1.99
1.94
1.91–1.98
Females 25–64 (working age)
172.70
0.93
313.06
1.00
1.81
1.79–1.83
211.66
2.14
368.14
1.36
1.74
1.70–1.78
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
208.59
0.59
287.47
0.51
1.38
1.37–1.39
347.76
1.49
443.34
0.77
1.27
1.26–1.29
Diseases of heart
153.65
0.51
226.16
0.45
1.47
1.46–1.48
267.23
1.30
357.02
0.69
1.34
1.32–1.35
Hypertension
6.05
0.10
10.57
0.10
1.75
1.68–1.81
3.02
0.14
4.90
0.08
1.62
1.47–1.78
Stroke
39.01
0.26
42.24
0.20
1.08
1.07–1.10
59.79
0.62
63.51
0.29
1.06
1.07–1.10
All malignant cancers
160.46
0.52
181.34
0.41
1.13
1.12–1.14
196.85
1.10
225.62
0.54
1.15
1.13–1.16
Oral cavity and pharynx
1.94
0.06
2.71
0.05
1.40
1.30–1.50
2.64
0.13
3.79
0.07
1.44
1.29–1.58
Digestive system
38.35
0.25
46.88
0.21
1.22
1.20–1.24
46.46
0.53
54.47
0.27
1.17
1.14–1.20
Esophagus
4.10
0.08
4.04
0.06
0.99
0.94–1.03
3.53
0.15
4.64
0.08
1.31
1.20–1.43
Stomach
2.73
0.07
4.63
0.07
1.70
1.60–1.79
4.64
0.17
6.94
0.09
1.50
1.38–1.61
Colorectal
14.88
0.16
17.89
0.13
1.20
1.17–1.23
23.04
0.38
24.56
0.18
1.07
1.03–1.10
Liver & intrahepatic bile duct
4.34
0.08
6.83
0.08
1.57
1.51–1.64
3.19
0.14
4.24
0.07
1.33
1.21–1.45
Pancreatic
10.14
0.13
11.01
0.10
1.09
1.05–1.12
9.74
0.24
11.21
0.12
1.15
1.09–1.21
Respiratory system
44.38
0.27
50.33
0.21
1.13
1.12–1.15
50.91
0.55
66.00
0.29
1.30
1.27–1.33
Larynx
0.80
0.04
1.50
0.04
1.88
1.67–2.08
1.07
0.08
2.04
0.05
1.91
1.61–2.20
Lung and bronchus
43.34
0.27
48.55
0.21
1.12
1.10–1.14
49.47
0.55
63.45
0.28
1.28
1.25–1.31
Melanoma of the skin
3.02
0.07
2.18
0.04
0.72
0.68–0.76
2.67
0.13
2.23
0.05
0.84
0.75–0.92
Breast
21.28
0.25
23.59
0.20
1.11
1.08–1.14
32.48
0.59
31.77
0.27
0.98
0.94–1.02
Cervical
1.54
0.07
3.37
0.08
2.19
1.97–2.41
2.52
0.17
4.94
0.11
1.96
1.69–2.23
Uterine
3.86
0.11
4.97
0.09
1.29
1.20–1.37
4.31
0.21
4.53
0.10
1.05
0.94–1.16
Prostate
21.44
0.31
26.55
0.25
1.24
1.20–1.28
39.23
0.85
40.57
0.39
1.03
0.99–1.08
Bladder
4.20
0.08
4.06
0.06
0.97
0.92–1.01
4.31
0.16
4.31
0.07
1.00
0.92–1.08
Kidney
3.77
0.08
4.09
0.06
1.08
1.03–1.14
4.20
0.16
4.51
0.08
1.07
0.99–1.16
Brain
4.45
0.08
3.64
0.06
0.82
0.78–0.86
5.12
0.17
4.50
0.08
0.88
0.81–0.94
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
6.19
0.10
6.12
0.07
0.99
0.95–1.03
8.14
0.22
7.71
0.10
0.95
0.89–1.14
Myeloma
3.30
0.07
3.48
0.06
1.05
1.00–1.11
3.55
0.15
3.93
0.07
1.11
1.01–1.21
Leukemia
7.01
0.11
6.79
0.08
0.97
0.93–1.01
7.88
0.22
7.98
0.10
1.01
0.95–1.07
Infectious diseases without HIV
14.18
0.15
22.73
0.14
1.60
1.56–1.64
12.55
0.28
17.32
0.15
1.38
1.32–1.44
Tuberculosis
0.10
0.01
0.33
0.02
3.30
2.54–4.06
0.31
0.04
1.39
0.04
4.48
3.32–5.65
Septicemia
9.34
0.13
14.50
0.12
1.55
1.71–1.79
9.13
0.24
11.07
0.12
1.21
1.14–1.28
HIV/AIDS
0.81
0.03
8.31
0.09
10.26
9.48–11.04
4.73
0.16
15.89
0.14
3.36
3.13–3.59
Diabetes mellitus
16.62
0.17
29.16
0.16
1.75
1.71–1.79
15.86
0.31
25.98
0.18
1.64
1.57–1.70
Alzheimer’s disease
24.72
0.21
19.75
0.14
0.80
0.78–0.82
6.96
0.21
5.00
0.08
0.72
0.67–0.77
Pneumonia and influenza
14.86
0.16
20.89
0.14
1.41
1.37–1.44
34.17
0.47
38.54
0.23
1.13
1.09–1.16
COPD
36.96
0.25
41.22
0.20
1.12
1.10–1.13
33.05
0.45
38.68
0.22
1.17
1.14–1.20
Chronic liver disease & cirrhosis
5.80
0.09
11.41
0.10
1.97
1.90–2.04
5.84
0.19
13.68
0.14
2.34
2.19–2.50
Nephritis/kidney diseases
13.67
0.15
16.28
0.12
1.19
1.16–1.22
8.44
0.23
11.66
0.12
1.38
1.30–1.46
Unintentional injuries
33.36
0.23
43.29
0.20
1.30
1.28–1.32
31.14
0.43
46.62
0.24
1.50
1.45–1.54
Suicide
10.75
0.13
10.43
0.10
0.97
0.94–1.00
10.10
0.24
12.32
0.12
1.22
1.16–1.28
Homicide
2.10
0.06
10.89
0.10
5.19
4.88–5.49
3.27
0.13
17.84
0.15
5.46
5.02–5.89
Mortality rates are age-adjusted to the 2000 US population standard. The 2000 census county-level unemployment rates were used to compute mortality rates in 2006–2010, whereas the 1990 census unemployment rates were used to calculate mortality rates in 1990–1992.
