Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential in Organ Transplantation

Table 1

Recent summary of the clinical practice of MSCs and MSC-EVs in organ transplantation.

Source	Occasion	Type	Result	References
Autologous BM-MSC	Postoperative	Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	It has been determined that administering autologous MSCs four times a week is safe for the treatment of refractory GVHD after malignant hematological disease HCT	[49]
Autologous BM-MSC	Postoperative	Renal transplant	Peripheral blood immune cells in kidney transfer recipients after mesenchymal stem cell therapy and tacrolimus discontinuity may help improve therapeutic strategies using mesenchymal stem cells to reduce the use of calcium inhibitors	[45]
Autologous BM-MSC	Postoperative	Renal transplant	Plays an immunosuppressive role	[43]
Autologous BM-MSC	Postoperative	Renal transplant	Prompt for systemic immune suppression	[50]
Autologous BM-MSC	Postoperative	Renal transplant	Prove that MSC treatment combined with early cessation of CNI is associated with better blood pressure control, reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy, and prevention of progressive diastolic dysfunction after kidney transplantation	[38]
Autologous BM-MSC	Preoperative	Renal transplant	Pretransplant infusion of MSC has a safer advantage than posttransplant (day 7) cell administration regimen	[42]
Autologous BM-MSC	Preoperative and postoperative	Renal transplant	Autologous MSC infusion is safe and feasible in patients undergoing living kidney transplantation	[51]
Allosome UC-MSC	Postoperative	Liver transplantation	Effective in preventing antibody-mediated humoral rejection	[39]
Allosome BM-MSC	Postoperative	Liver transplantation	MSC infusion on day 3 after liver transplantation had no significant side effects	[40]
Allosome BM-MSC	Postoperative	Renal transplant	The safety of the infusion 6 months after transplantation of HLA-selected allogenic MSCs	[47]
Allosome BM-MSC	Preoperative	Liver transplantation	Preoperative infusion of MSC in liver transplant recipients is safe and causes mild positive changes in immunomodulatory T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood	[52]
Allosome BM-MSC	Preoperative	Renal transplant	Elucidate UC-MSCs in allogeney clinical value of preventing both DGF and acute rejection in organ kidney transplantation	[53]
Allosome BM-MSC	Preoperative	Renal transplant	Attenuate graft loss	[46]

In organ transplantation, the type of mesenchymal stem cells and MSC-EVs and the timing of treatment are critical. The table provides a summary of the methods currently used in clinical trials and animal studies.