Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Present Alternative for High-Incidence Diseases, Even SARS-Cov-2

Table 2

Some of the molecules secreted by MSCs and their functions.

Product of secretome		Role	Ref.
Extracellular vesicles		(i) Participation in intercellular communication; (ii) Carrying of bioactive molecules (GFs, proteins, lipids, miRNAs, tRNA, and lncRNA); this might be involved in angiogenic modulation	[45, 46]
Cytokines	IL-6	(i) Control of macrophage T activation; (ii) Proinflammatory inflammatory acute phase response induced by tissue damage	[47, 48]
	IL-10	(i) Promotion of wound and tissue repair; (ii) Immunosuppression, avoiding of autoimmune injuries; (iii) Modulation of macrophage and neutrophil functions	[49, 50]
	IL-1Ra	(i) Suppression of Th17 differentiation; (ii) Inhibition of B cell differentiation; (iii) Control of macrophage polarization towards M2 phenotype	[51, 52]
	PGE2	(i) Facilitates MSC migration; (ii) Anti-inflammatory	[53, 54]
	LIF	(i) Modulation of lymphocyte generation; (ii) Immunosuppression	[55]
Growth factors	VEGF	(i) Angiogenesis; (ii) Differentiation towards endothelial cells; (iii) Protection against hyperoxia tissue injuries	[56, 57]
	TGF-β	(i) M2 macrophage polarization; (ii) Inhibition of human T cells	[58, 59]
	HGF-1	(i) Angiogenesis improvement	[60]
Other molecules	Gal-9	(i) Suppression of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation; (ii) Antiproliferative effects on T cells	[61, 62]
	Gal-1	(i) Antiproliferative effects on CD4^+ and CD8^+ T cells; (ii) Modulation of cytokine release; (iii) Modulation of T cell response	[63, 64]
	TSG-6	(i) Downregulation of TLR2/NF-κB signaling; (ii) A decrease in the expression of inflammatory cytokines	[65]
	MpCCL2	(i) Regulation of Th17 CD4 T cell activation	[66]