Regulation and Directing Stem Cell Fate by Tissue Engineering Functional Microenvironments: Scaffold Physical and Chemical Cues

Table 2

The applications of phytochemicals for stem cell.

Phytochemical	Affecting signal transduction pathway	Target stem cell(s)	Potential application(s)	Reference
Icariin	PI3K/Akt and STAT3	ASCs	Diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction	[148]
	ERK and p38 MAPK	BMMSCs	Proliferation	[143]
	SDF-1alpha/HIF-1alpha/CXCR4	BMMSCs	Migration	[139]
	PI3K and ERK1/2	BMMSCs	Angiogenesis and neurogenesis	[149]
Resveratrol	SIRT1/FOXO3A	Human embryonic stem cells	Osteoblastic differentiation	[144]
	AMPK	BMMSCs	Osteogenic differentiation	[140]
	AMPK/Ulk1	Embryonic stem cells	Pluripotency	[150]
	SIRT1	Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells	Neural repair of Alzheimer’s disease	[151]
Quercetin	p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK	BMMSCs	Osteogenesis	[141]
	TNF-alpha	BMMSCs	Osteogenesis	[152]
	BMP2, Smad1, Smad4, RUNX2, OSX, and OPN expression and Smad1 phosphorylation	BMMSCs	Differentiation	[153]
Curcumin	Self-renewal genes, Notch1 and Hes1	Neural stem cells	Proliferation	[154]
	Caveolin-1	Epidermal stem cells	Proliferation	[155]
	Glucocorticoid receptor and STAT3	Embryonic neural stem cells	Proliferation	[156]
	TERT gene	ASCs	Improve lifespan	[157]