Regulation and Directing Stem Cell Fate by Tissue Engineering Functional Microenvironments: Scaffold Physical and Chemical Cues

Figure 5

Nanotechnology on different materials with different topographies. (a) Porous silicon fabricated by electrochemical etching, adopted figure from Wang et al. [123]. (b) Colloidal lithography fabricated by self-assembly and sputtering [105]. (c) Nanogrooves fabricated by UV-assisted capillary force lithography [124]. (d) TiO₂ nanotube fabricated by anodization [125]. (e) Binary colloidal crystals fabricated by self-assembly [126]. (f) Nanopillars (polyurethane acrylate) fabricated by nanoimprinting [127].

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