| | Patients () | Relatives () | | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Biology | | | Disturbance of brain biochemistry, hereditary factors, birth trauma, brain injury, organic disease external to brain, infectious brain disease | 1.73 (0.58) | 1.84 (0.65) |
| Personality | | | Avoidance of everyday life problems, failure in life, lack of willpower, too bright or intelligent, too ambitious, drug/alcohol abuse | 1.98 (0.62) | 1.82 (0.61) |
| Family | | | Broken home, lack of parental love, parent attitude hostile-rejecting, father too severe, overprotective mother, parental expectations too high | 1.84 (0.75) | 1.93 (0.79) |
| Society | | | Stressful life events, constant strain in school/job, troubles in marriage/partnership, society, loneliness, influence of bad friends | 2.12 (0.67) | 2.07 (0.73) |
| Esoteric | | | Possession by evil spirits, lack of vitamins, punishment by God, unfavorable horoscope, radiation, environmental pollution | 1.46 (0.52) | 1.36 (0.46) |
| Significant post hoc results in patients | Significant post hoc results in relatives |
| Biology < personality | Family < society | Biology > esoteric | Family > esoteric | Biology < society | Family > esoteric | Personality < society | Society > esoteric | Biology > esoteric | Society > esoteric | Personality > esoteric | | Personality > esoteric | | | |
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