Oral versus Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Special Populations at Risk for Treatment Nonadherence: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Characteristics of some older and newer LAIs [12, 17, 19].

	Vehicle	Preparation	Dosing interval	Injection site pain/reactions	Comments
Flupenthixol	Ester (decanoate)	Viscoleo	2–4 w	^+ + +[20, 21]	—
Fluphenazine	Ester (decanoate)	Sesame seed oil	2–5 w	^+ + +[20, 21]	—
Haloperidol	Ester (decanoate)	Sesame seed oil	4 w	^+ + +[20–22]	—
Zuclopenthixol	Ester (decanoate)	Viscoleo	2–4 w	^+ + + +[20, 21]	—
Paliperidone	Ester (palmitate)	Water (nanosuspension)	4 w	^+ +[23]	Metabolite of risperidone
Olanzapine	Salt (pamoate)	Water (microcrystalline suspension)	2–4 w	^+ +[24, 25]	Monitoring required for at least three hours due to small risk of IAIV
Risperidone	Microspheres	Water	2 w	^+[23, 26, 27]	Refrigeration required

IAIV: inadvertent intravascular injection; ⁺: minimal; ^{+ +}: low; ^{+ + +}: moderate; ^{+ + + +}: high.