Discrimination of the Social Parasite Ectatomma parasiticum by Its Host Sibling Species (E. tuberculatum)

Figure 4

Comparison of the behavioral reactions towards the social parasite (black bars) and the conspecific worker (white bars) in the different types of tests (see Figure 3 for the abbreviations). Pairwise comparisons were made with Permutation tests: ^∗𝑃<0.05,^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001. 𝑁 = number of tests.

(a) Agonistic acts

(b) Antennation

(c) Immobility