Review Article
Burning Mouth Syndrome: Aetiopathogenesis and Principles of Management
Table 1
Some systemic and local causes of a burning sensation in the mouth, which, therefore, by definition is not BMS [
4,
8,
12,
13,
18,
26].
| (1) Oral mucosal conditions | (i) Erythema/erosion of whatever cause | (ii) Atrophic tongue | (iii) Candidosis | (iv) Geographic tongue | (v) Lichen planus | (vi) Pemphigoid, pemphigus | (2) Parafunctional habits | (i) Cheek sucking | (ii) Tongue thrusting | (3) Trauma: mechanical, chemical, thermal | (4) Xerostomia and altered salivary quality | (i) Radiotherapy | (ii) Chemotherapy | (iii) Other drugs | (iv) Sjögren’s syndrome | (5) Systemic factors | (i) Diabetes | (ii) Decreased levels of vitamins B1, B2, B12, folate, iron, zinc | (iii) Abnormal thyroid function | (iv) Allergic reaction to food or dental materials | (v) Lichenoid tissue reactions | (vi) Autoimmune conditions | (vii) Hormonal disturbances | (viii) Parkinson disease | (6) Drugs | (i) Paroxetine | (ii) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | (7) Local nerve damage | (i) Chemotherapy-associated neuropathy | (ii) Local physical irritation | (8) Various peripheral or central neuropathies |
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