PPAR Action in Human Placental Development and Pregnancy and Its Complications

Table 1

Effects of physiological and pathophysiological conditions on PPAR.

Influence on PPAR action
Conditions	PPAR-action	Model	Reference
Diabetes	Increases PPARγ in skeletal muscle	Murine	Park et al. [22]
Age	Increases PPARγ in subcutaneous fat in older man	Human	Imbeault et al. [23]
	Decreases PPARα in heart	Murine	Iemitsu et al. [24]
Hypertension	Increases PPARα and γ in aorta and mesenteric arteries	Murine	Diep and Schiffrin [25]
Diet	Soy extract increases PPARα and γ in macrophages	In vitro	Mezei et al. [28]
	High-fat diet increases adipose tissue expression of PPARγ and induces PPARγ2 mRNA expression in liver (obese mice)	Murine	Vidal-Puig et al. [26]
	Hyperlipid diet reduces PPARγ in colonic epithelium	Murine	Delage et al. [29]
	Low-calorie diet decreases PPARγ in subcutaneous fat	Human	Bastard et al. [27]
Exercise	Increases PPARγ DNA binding activity in fat depots	Murine	Petridou et al. [30]
	Increases PPARα in heart	Murine	Iemitsu et al. [24]
	Increases PPARβ/δ in skeletal muscle	Human	Fritz et al. [34]
Obesity	Increases of PPARγ2 and PPARγ2/PPARγ1 ratio in adipose tissue	Human	Vidal-Puig et al. [31]
Metabolic syndrome	Dominant-negative mutation in PPARγ induces metabolic syndrome	Human	Savage et al. [35]
Insulin resistance (IR)	Pioglitazone ameliorates IR	Murine	Ding et al. [33]
	PPARγ Ala allele protects against hyperinsulinemia	Human	Jaziri et al. [32]
Vitamin A	Increases PPARγ in colonic mucosa	Murine	Delage et al. [29]