Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking Decrease Respiratory Quality of Life in Adults: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study
Table 6
Predictors of lower respiratory quality of life (CCQ).
Factor
Beta
P value
Standardized beta
Partial correlation
In all individuals (healthy, COPD and chronic bronchitis)
Cumulative cigarette smoking (pack*years)
0.001
<0.001
0.399
0.404
Older age
0.021
<0.001
0.168
0.155
At least one smoker in the family
0.328
<0.001
0.111
0.129
Lower education
0.126
<0.001
0.108
0.117
Female gender
0.273
<0.001
0.095
0.090
Any heart disease
0.301
<0.001
0.077
0.089
Heating house by diesel
0.205
0.003
0.062
0.083
Cumulative waterpipe smoking (waterpipe*years)
0.002
<0.001
0.064
0.078
Heating house by hot air
0.281
0.008
0.055
0.066
At least one smoker at work
0.166
0.048
0.044
0.051
Ever lived close to a local power plant
0.11
0.094
0.035
0.048
In all COPD individuals¶
Cumulative cigarette smoking (pack*years)
0.001
<0.001
0.260
0.263
Inhalation therapy
0.802
<0.001
0.198
0.219
Female gender
0.371
0.002
0.116
0.123
Lower education level
0.165
0.002
0.125
0.123
At least one smoker in the family
0.380
0.003
0.107
0.117
Older age
0.016
0.008
0.115
0.105
Cumulative waterpipe smoking (waterpipe*years)
0.002
0.003
0.103
0.103
Having a cardiac problem
0.285
0.031
0.08
0.086
Not heating home by central heating
0.315
0.046
0.071
0.080
COPD severity grading
0.097
0.085
0.065
0.069
In nonsmokers†
Lower educational level
0.256
<0.001
0.318
0.272
Any cardiac problem
0.622
<0.001
0.202
0.217
Heating house by hot air
0.433
0.001
0.111
0.123
Older age
0.010
0.011
0.106
0.094
Heating house by diesel
0.201
0.018
0.08
0.089
Ever lived close to a heavy traffic road (<100m)
0.215
0.024
0.097
0.084
Occupational exposure to toxic fumes
0.214
0.032
0.072
0.080
At least one smoker in the family
0.106
0.103
0.047
0.059
R = 0.590 and R 2 = 0.348 for the model; factors not retained in the model include heating house by butane gas, wood, and central heating, cooking on gas, being occupationally exposed to toxics and ever living close to a heavy traffic road (P > 0.05); R = 0.500 and R 2 = 0.250 for the model; factors not included in the model include ever living close to a heavy traffic road, heating house by hot air, by wood, diesel, being occupationally exposed to toxics, ever living close to a power plant, and at least one smoker at work (P > 0.05).†R = 0.492 and R 2 = 0.242 for the model; factors not included in the model include gender, ever living close to a power plant, at least one smoker at work, heating its house by butane gas, wood, central heating, and cooking on gas (P > 0.05).
