Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking Decrease Respiratory Quality of Life in Adults: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Quality of life and smoking doses relationship.
Score/smoking type
Number
All sample
P value ANOVA
Number
COPD and chronic bronchitis subgroup
P value ANOVA
Correlation coefficient
Previous cigarette smoking
Never smokers
558
0.45 (0.88)
<0.001
267
1.33 (1.44)
<0.001¶
0.332‡
1–18 pack-years
94
0.99 (1.39)
74
1.65 (1.45)
18.1–56 pack-years
139
1.42 (1.58)
135
2.06 (1.57)
>56 pack-years
120
2.71 (1.59)
144
2.84 (1.48)
Previous waterpipe smoking
Never smokers
558
0.45 (0.88)
<0.001
270
1.32 (1.43)
<0.001¶
0.126‡
0.1–29.9 waterpipe-years
42
1.29 (1.54)
26
2.44 (1.36)
30+ waterpipe-years
67
2.36 (1.69)
59
3.02 (1.28)
Current cigarette smoking
Never smokers
617
0.51 (0.93)
<0.001†
343
1.30 (1.40)
<0.001*
0.307‡
1–18 pack-years
139
0.61 (0.92)
92
1.02 (1.08)
18.1–45 pack-years
163
1.28 (1.49)
159
1.88 (1.40)
45+ pack-years
274
2.18 (1.69)
215
2.42 (1.59)
Current waterpipe smoking
Never smokers
574
0.45 (0.88)
<0.001†
281
1.30 (1.42)
0.001*
0.203‡
0.1–20 waterpipe-years
66
0.32 (0.76)
19
0.96 (1.16)
20+ waterpipe-years
86
1.35 (1.65)
58
2.08 (1.69)
Current cigarette dependence
Fagerström 0–5 Low dependence
1259
0.89 (1.35)
<0.001*
833
1.74 (1.56)
<0.001*
0.256‡
Fagerström 6-7 Moderate dependence
116
1.39 (1.48)
128
1.93 (1.39)
Fagerström 8–10 High dependence
108
2.43 (1.65)
149
2.43 (1.56)
Current waterpipe dependence
LWDS-11 0–9 Low dependence
74
0.36 (0.66)
<0.001*
33
0.86 (0.87)
<0.001*
0.435‡
LWDS-11 10–16 Moderate dependence
40
0.63 (1.06)
21
1.64 (1.39)
LWDS-11 17+ High dependence
59
1.52 (1.76)
35
2.46 (1.75)
†No significant difference between never and low-level smokers; *no significant difference between low and moderate dependence; ¶no significant difference between low and moderate smoking level ‡P < 0.001 for correlation coefficients.
