Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking Decrease Respiratory Quality of Life in Adults: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Quality of life, obstructive diseases, and smoking types.

Score	Total sample		COPD and Chronic bronchitis subgroup
Smoking type	Number	Mean (Standard deviation)	Number	Mean (Standard deviation)
Previous smoking
Never	553	0.45 (0.89)	268	1.33 (1.43)
Cigarette	309	1.56 (1.65)	306	2.15 (1.60)
Waterpipe	55	1.24 (1.41)	33	2.22 (1.40)
Mixed smoking	69	2.21 (1.73)	58	2.95 (1.35)
P value; ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis	<0.001*		<0.001^†
Current smoking
Never	553	0.45 (0.89)	268	1.33 (1.43)
Cigarette	479	1.37 (1.52)	513	1.82 (1.49)
Waterpipe	104	0.44 (1.00)	45	1.18 (1.47)
Mixed smoking	80	1.27 (1.55)	51	1.99 (1.57)
P value; ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis	<0.001**		<0.001**

*No significant difference between cigarette and waterpipe; significant difference between any smoking type and mixed smoking (P ≤ 0.001); no significant difference between cigarette and waterpipe smokers; **No significant difference between never smokers and waterpipe smokers; no significant difference between cigarette and mixed smokers; ^†any previous smoker had significantly lower CCQ versus never smokers; mixed smokers had significantly higher values than cigarette and never smokers.