Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking Decrease Respiratory Quality of Life in Adults: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population.

Characteristic	Healthy; (n = 978)	COPD (reversible and irreversible); (n = 284)	Chronic bronchitis without COPD; (n = 326)	Total*; (n = 1588)
Region
Beirut	57.4%	21.3%	21.3%	277
Mount Lebanon	67.2%	14.8%	17.9%	687
North Lebanon	67.3%	17.1%	15.6%	263
South Lebanon	55.6%	15.3%	29.1%	196
Bekaa plain	43.0%	29.1%	27.9%	165
Gender
Male	58.9%	20.9%	20.2%	774
Female	64.2%	14.9%	20.9%	812
Age class
40–44 years	79.4%	6.2%	14.3%	321
45–49 years	78.6%	9.0%	12.4%	266
50–54 years	70.0%	11.5%	18.5%	227
55–59 years	58.8%	16.1%	25.1%	199
60–64 years	48.2%	29.9%	21.8%	197
65 years and more	37.8%	32.5%	29.6%	378
Education
Illiterate	50.5%	17.6%	31.9%	91
<8 years of school	46.9%	22.1%	31.0%	290
8−12 years of school	54.2%	24.5%	21.4%	323
12.1–15 years of school	61.3%	21.3%	17.4%	432
University studies	79.1%	7.3%	13.6%	441
Work status
Currently working	71.5%	13.1%	15.4%	846
Retired	42.0%	31.2%	26.8%	231
Not finding a job	66.7%	20.0%	13.3%	15
Do never work	53.6%	19.8%	26.6%	496
Marital status
Married	62.2%	17.5%	20.3%	1303
Single	64.1%	12.8%	23.1%	156
Widow or divorced	51.2%	28.1%	20.7%	121
Body Mass Index
No obesity	62.7%	17.8%	19.5%	1261
Obesity	53.8%	20.2%	25.9%	247
Cardiac problem
No	66.1%	16.2%	17.7%	1331
Yes	38.4%	26.4%	35.3%	258
Inhalation therapy
No	66.6%	15.0%	18.4%	1477
Yes	0	52.9%	47.1%	111
Current smoking
Never smokers	84.1%	4.5%	11.4%	552
Cigarette smokers	45.3%	24.6%	30.1%	479
Waterpipe smokers	83.7%	4.8%	11.5%	104
Mixed smokers	50.6%	27.2%	22.2%	81
Previous smokers
Never smokers	84.1%	4.5%	11.4%	552
Cigarette smokers	46.8%	26.9%	26.3%	308
Waterpipe smokers	65.5%	34.5%	0	55
Mixed smokers	30.0%	42.9%	27.1%	70

*All P values were <0.001.