Clinical Study
Abnormalities of the Ventilatory Equivalent for Carbon Dioxide in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Table 1
Baseline clinical characteristics between CHF patients and healthy controls.
| | Variable (mean ± SD) | CHF patients | Healthy controls | value* |
| | N | 423 | 78 | — | | Males (%) | 80 | 62 | 0.0001* | | Age (years) | 63 (12) | 61 (11) | 0.529 | | BMI (kg·m−2) | 28 (5) | 26 (3) | 0.001* | | LVEF (%) | 36 (6) | 60 (6) | 0.0001* | | pVO2 (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 22.3 (8.1) | 36.2 (8.8) | 0.0001* | | VE/VCO2 slope (full) | 33.8 (7.7) | 27.7 (3.0) | 0.0001* | | VEqCO2 nadir | 32.4 (6.2) | 26.5 (3.0) | 0.0001* | | Time to VEqCO2 nadir(s) | 327 (514) | 514 (187) | 0.0001* | | AT (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 15.2 (5.7) | 23.4 (6.6) | 0.0001* | | Peak RER | 1.07 (0.10) | 1.08 (0.06) | 0.223 | | Exercise duration (s) | 564 (250) | 881 (256) | 0.0001* | | Heart rate (rest) (beats·min−1) | 76 (15) | 72 (12) | 0.079 | | Heart rate (peak) (beats·min−1) | 136 (30) | 165 (20) | 0.0001* | | Systolic BP (rest) (mmHg) | 137 (25) | 148 (20) | 0.0001* | | Systolic BP (peak) (mmHg) | 172 (36) | 199 (22) | 0.0001* | | Diastolic BP (rest) (mmHg) | 84 (15) | 90 (9) | 0.0001* | | Diastolic BP (peak) (mmHg) | 93 (22) | 101 (21) | 0.003* | | Loop diuretic (%) | 67 | — | — | | ACE-I (%) | 75 | — | — | | Beta-blocker (%) | 77 | — | — |
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BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; pVO2: peak oxygen uptake; ACE-I: ACE inhibitor; peak RER: peak respiratory exchange ratio; AT: anaerobic threshold; BP: blood pressure; *differences between CHF and healthy controls, .
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