Therapeutic Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Parkinson’s Disease via Antineuroinflammation and Neuroprotection In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 1

Effect of suramin on interferon-gamma- (IFN-γ-) induced upregulation of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and increased Ym-1 and arginase-1 (arg-1) in BV2 murine microglial cells. (a) BV2 cells were cotreated with 0.1, 1, or 10 μM suramin and challenged with 10 U/mL of IFN-γ for 24 h; western blotting for iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB (p65) of the control; IFN-γ; and IFN-γγ plus 0.1, 1, or 10 μM suramin group is shown. β-Actin was used as an internal control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and each value contains three replicates and three samples. Significantly different from the control group; significantly different from the IFN-γ group. (b) BV2 cells were treated with 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM suramin for 24 h; western blotting for Ym-1 and arg-1 proteins of the control, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μM suramin group is shown. β-Actin was used as an internal control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and each value contains three replicates and three samples. Significantly different from the control group. (c) BV2 cells were cotreated with 10 μM suramin and challenged with IL-4 for 24 h; western blotting for the arg-1 protein of the control; IL-4; and IL-4 plus 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μM suramin group is shown. β-Actin is used as an internal control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and each value contains three replicates and three samples. Significantly different from the control group; significantly different from the IL-4 group.

(a)

(b)

(c)