|
| Study | Study subjects/inclusion criteria | Study design | Effect on FoG/PI/falls | Motor effects | Comments |
|
| SNr |
|
| Chastan et al. [55] | 7 patients with levodopa and STN-DBS. At least one contact of each electrode was located within the SNr | Open label | Significant improvements in UPDRS III axial motor subscores and in braking capacity | No improvement in motor symptoms (segmental akinesia, limb rigidity, and tremor) | No specific criteria for axial involvement |
|
| Weiss et al. [56] | 12 patients, with combined STN and SNr stimulation; axial UPDRS ≥ 12; advance PD patients with gait/balance impairment; refractory to medical treatment | Double-blind, cross-over, randomized controlled trial | With combined STN and SNr stimulation improvement in FoG at the 3-week follow-up | No global effect on axial motor domains; no benefit for segmental motor functions | Immediate assessment and 3-week follow-up; long term effects unclear |
|
| Brosius et al. [57] | 1 patient with advance PD, severe FoG; unilateral STN/SNr stimulation | Case report | Significantly improved FoG in a patient with advanced PD, using interleaving setting | | Contralateral STN, the more severe side with STN/SNr |
|
| Motor cortex |
|
| Pagni et al. [58] | 41 patients with advanced PD; not DBS candidates, Hoehn-Yahr III–V; unilateral lead over hand area of motor cortex | Open label | Improvement in standing, gait, and motor performance; significant improvement in UPDRS axial scores | Improved “off” medication UPDRS-III; not significant for “on” medication score | Sustained improvement of quality of life measures through 3-year follow-up |
|
| Cilia et al. [59] | 5 patients with advanced PD | Open label | Subjective improvement of axial symptomatology | No quantifiable clinical benefit at 6 months | Small sample size; subjective improvement only |
|
| Fasano et al. [60] | 1 patient with severe PD who was unable to stand from sitting without assistance | Case report | Able to stand without assistance, with improvement in both axial akinesia and walking | | Case report; short lasting benefit (5 months) |
|
| CMPf |
|
| Mazzone et al. [38] | 6 PD patients with disabling FoG, with GPi and CMPf-DBS | Open label | CMPf activation was more efficacious on freezing of gait | A significant amelioration of UPDRS scores was achieved | Small sample size; observation of CMPf stimulation alone may not control PD motor symptoms adequately |
|
