Equisetum arvense L. Extract Induces Antibacterial Activity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Endothelial Vascular Cells Exposed to Hyperosmotic Stress

Figure 3

Proinflammatory cytokines evaluated in endothelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress and pretreated with two doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract. (a) The IL-6 secretion in cell lysates after exposure to hyperosmotic stress and pretreatment for 24 h with high doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract, caffeic acid, and cathechin. (b) IL-6 level in cell lysates after exposure to hypertonic conditions and low doses of the three substances tested. (c, d) IL-6 concentrations in medium after exposure to normotonic and hypertonic conditions and treatment with the three substances tested. (e) TNF-α level in cell lysates in hypertonic conditions and pretreatment with high doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract, caffeic acid, and cathechin. (f) TNF-α secretion in cell lysates in hypertonic conditions and pretreatment with low doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract, caffeic acid, and cathechin. The statistical significance of the difference between treated and control groups was evaluated with two-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s Multiple test; , treated versus untreated cells in hypertonic medium; , , and , hypertonic medium versus the parameters in normotonic conditions.

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