Equisetum arvense L. Extract Induces Antibacterial Activity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Endothelial Vascular Cells Exposed to Hyperosmotic Stress

Figure 2

Malondialdehyde levels evaluated in endothelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress and pretreated with two doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract. (a) The MDA levels after exposure to hyperosmotic stress and pretreatment for 24 h with high doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract, caffeic acid, and cathechin. (b) MDA levels after exposure to hypertonic conditions and low doses of Equisetum arvense L. extract, caffeic acid, and cathechin. The statistical significance of the difference between the treated and control groups was evaluated with two-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple test; , treated versus untreated cells in hypertonic medium; , hypertonic medium versus the parameters in normotonic conditions.

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