Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Table 4

(a) Bioclinical and gene expression analysis at Baseline

Baseline		Glycemia (mg/dL)	Insulin (U/mL)	TC (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	Tg (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	TAS (mM)	Thiols (μM)	Nitrites (μM)	Nitrates (μM)	MDA (μM)	SOD1
Glycemia (mg/dL)	ρ		−0.37	−0.33	−0.56	−0.45	0.54	0.52	−0.59	0.33	0.21	0.58	−0.20
	p		0.42	0.47	0.19	0.31	0.21	0.24	0.16	0.47	0.64	0.17	0.66
Insulin (U/mL)	ρ			−0.08	−0.30	0.67	−0.26	−0.61	0.14	0.46	−0.34	0.23	−0.15
	p			0.86	0.51	0.10	0.57	0.15	0.76	0.30	0.46	0.62	0.75
TC (mg/dL)	ρ				0.52	0.17	0.55	−0.21	0.59	−0.21	−0.26	−0.40	−0.10
	p				0.23	0.71	0.20	0.65	0.26	0.65	0.58	0.38	0.83
HDL-C (mg/dL)	ρ					−0.29	−0.13	0.21	0.34	−0.61	0.01	−0.49	0.28
	p					0.52	0.78	0.65	0.45	0.14	0.98	0.26	0.54
Tg (mg/dL)	ρ						−0.25	−0.99	0.65	0.39	−0.19	0.14	−0.35
	p						0.59	0.001	0.11	0.39	0.68	0.77	0.45
LDL-C (mg/dL)	ρ							0.26	0.13	0.001	−0.31	−0.03	−0.04
	p							0.57	0.79	0.99	0.50	0.94	0.93
TAS (mM)	ρ								−0.71	−0.25	0.26	−0.04	0.24
	p								0.07	0.59	0.58	0.94	0.61
Thiols (μM)	ρ									−0.15	−0.28	−0.35	−0.13
	p									0.76	0.55	0.44	0.78
Nitrites (μM)	ρ										0.49	0.76	−0.87
	p										0.26	0.05	0.01
Nitrates (μM)	ρ											0.43	−0.70
	p											0.34	0.08
MDA (μM)	ρ												−0.61
	p												0.14

Analysis was conducted using Pearson or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ. Statistical significance attributed to results with . TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Tg: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAS: total antioxidant status; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1.

(b) Bioclinical and gene expression analysis after HTT

HTT		Glycemia (mg/dL)	Insulin (U/mL)	TC (mg/dL)	HDL-C (mg/dL)	Tg (mg/dL)	LDL-C (mg/dL)	HT (mg/mL)	TAS (mM)	Thiols (μM)	Nitrites (μM)	Nitrates (μM)	MDA (μM)	SOD1
Glycemia (mg/dL)	ρ		−0.46	0.54	−0.68	−0.64	0.73	−0.11	0.64	−0.32	0.41	−0.43	0.14	−0.36
	p		0.29	0.21	0.09	0.12	0.07	0.81	0.12	0.48	0.36	0.34	0.77	0.43
Insulin (U/mL)	ρ			−0.10	−0.02	0.58	−0.16	0.53	−0.51	−0.25	0.15	0.65	−0.13	0.32
	p			0.83	0.97	0.17	0.73	0.22	0.25	0.59	0.76	0.11	0.78	0.48
TC (mg/dL)	ρ				−0.07	−0.02	0.94	0.44	−0.04	−0.13	0.68	−0.71	−0.02	−0.29
	p				0.88	0.96	0.001	0.32	0.94	0.78	0.09	0.07	0.97	0.53
HDL-C (mg/dL)	ρ					0.23	−0.39	0.17	−0.32	0.32	−0.15	−0.17	−0.25	0.21
	p					0.62	0.39	0.71	0.48	0.48	0.75	0.72	0.59	0.65
Tg (mg/dL)	ρ						−0.08	0.41	−0.98	0.46	0.08	0.19	−0.35	−0.05
	p						0.87	0.37	0.001	0.30	0.86	0.69	0.44	0.92
LDL-C (mg/dL)	ρ							0.36	0.06	−0.10	0.71	−0.67	0.01	−0.45
	p							0.43	0.90	0.82	0.07	0.10	0.99	0.31
HT (mg/mL)	ρ								−0.34	0.26	0.84	−0.17	−0.47	−0.46
	p								0.45	0.57	0.02	0.71	0.29	0.30
TAS (mM)	ρ									−0.44	−0.03	−0.12	0.37	−0.02
	p									0.32	0.94	0.79	0.42	0.97
Thiols (μM)	ρ										0.22	−0.34	−0.57	−0.70
	p										0.64	0.46	0.18	0.08
Nitrites (μM)	ρ											−0.46	−0.47	−0.71
	p											0.30	0.28	0.07
Nitrates (μM)	ρ												−0.02	0.56
	p												0.96	0.19
MDA (μM)	Ρ													0.46
	p													0.30

Analysis was conducted using Pearson or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ. Statistical significance attributed to results with . HTT: hydroxytyrosol treatment; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Tg: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAS: total antioxidant status; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1.