Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Table 2
Biochemical analysis.
Parameter
Baseline (T0) Mean ± SD ()
HTT Mean ± SD ()
p
Baseline (T2) Mean ± SD ()
PT Mean ± SD ()
p
TC (mg/dL)
155.79 ± 12.19
163.07 ± 18.74
0.11
161.71 ± 18.79
167.75 ± 16.20
0.06
HDL-C (mg/dL)
61.14 ± 9.43
62.21 ± 7.75
0.64
64.18 ± 7.85
64.31 ± 9.19
0.49
Tg (mg/dL)
64.57 ± 29.92
60.71 ± 22.04
0.30
71.18 ± 38.02
81.25 ± 56.74
0.65
LDL-C (mg/dL)
88.14 ± 10.60
93.71 ± 16.38
0.02
90.82 ± 14.83
95.06 ± 13.39
0.01
Glycemia (mg/dL)
79.86 ± 8.70
77.21 ± 8.67
0.43
80.1 ± 6.70
76.23 ± 7.77
0.43
Insulin (μU/mL)
6.51 ± 3.00
6.78 ± 2.79
0.52
6.26 ± 2.88
6.48 ± 2.34
0.41
oxLDL-C (U/L)
40.18 ± 6.66
41.32 ± 6.63
0.52
40.98 ± 9.75
44.11 ± 9.32
0.24
TC/HDL-C
2.59 ± 0.35
2.65 ± 0.42
0.97
2.28 ± 0.39
2.06 ± 0.44
0.08
TC/LDL-C
1.78 ± 0.19
1.76 ± 0.17
0.59
1.98 ± 0.29
1.96 ± 0.17
0.23
LAP
10.64 ± 3.70
11.21 ± 4.44
0.36
10.56 ± 3.80
10.27 ± 3.46
0.22
AIP
−0.01 ± 0.22
−0.04 ± 0.19
0.45
−0.01 ± 0.14
−0.01 ± 0.18
0.99
Thiols (μM)
23.04 ± 2.90
27.06 ± 2.51
0.001
22.90 ± 2.54
23.45 ± 2.08
0.32
Nitrites (μM)
6.90 ± 3.17
2.77 ± 1.86
0.001
6.59 ± 2.97
5.87 ± 1.79
0.56
Nitrates (μM)
76.72 ± 60.89
46.04 ± 20.00
0.001
75.84 ± 58.63
72.05 ± 61.00a
0.77
MDA (μM)
0.44 ± 0.27
0.26 ± 0.23
0.02
0.49 ± 0.12
0.45 ± 0.33a
0.92
All parameters were evaluated before and after HTT. All results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (number of replicates = 3). Statistical significance attributed to results with (between HTT and baseline (T0) or between PT and baseline (T2)) and (between HTT and baseline (T0) or between PT and baseline (T2)) after parametric test (Student t-test) or nonparametric test (Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney). HTT: 15 mg/day hydroxytyrosol treatment; PT: placebo treatment; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Tg: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAS: total antioxidant status; oxLDL-C: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; LAP: lipid accumulation product; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; MDA: malondialdehyde.
