Grape Powder Improves Age-Related Decline in Mitochondrial and Kidney Functions in Fischer 344 Rats

Table 1

Composition and toxicology of grape powder used in these studies.

(a) Chemical composition of freeze-dried grape powder (California table grape commission)

Compounds	Total	Individual
Catechins	22.06 mg/kg
Catechin		13.7 mg/kg
Epicatechin		8.36 mg/kg
Anthocyanins	709.8 mg/kg
Peonidin		232.2 mg/kg
Cyanidin		156.2 mg/kg
Malvidin		321.4 mg/kg
Flavonols
Quercetin		148.7 mg/kg
Kaempferol		11.61 mg/kg
Isorhamnetin		23.9 mg/kg
Stilbenes
Resveratrol		1.51 mg/kg
Total polyphenols		383 mg/100 g

(b) Toxicology of grape powder constituents

Compound	Dose (per kg body wt/day)	Duration	Toxicity
Direct catechins	≤2500 mg	Chronic (90 days)	Nontoxic [21]
Anthocyanins	≤2000 mg	Chronic (90 days)	Nontoxic [22]
Flavonoids	≤5000 mg	Acute (24 hrs)	Nontoxic [23]
Resveratrol	≤3000 mg	4 weeks	Toxic [24]