The Human Tripeptide GHK-Cu in Prevention of Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Conditions of Aging: Implications for Cognitive Health

Table 1

Probe set ID	Gene symbol	Gene products and functions (from GENE database; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene)	Fold change*
214484_s_at	SIGMAR1	Sigma nonopioid intracellular receptor 1, plays an important role in the cellular functions of various tissues associated with the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Mutations are implicated in early-onset dementia and neurodegeneration.	2.46
205231_s_at	EPM2A	Laforin, a dual-specificity phosphatase associates with polyribosomes. This gene is defective in a neurodegenerative disorder associated with epileptic seizures (Lafora disease). Possibly a repair enzyme.	2.32
204860_s_at	NAIP	Apoptosis inhibitory protein; functions include suppression of neuronal apoptosis	2.13
208229_at	FGFR2	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, influences mitogenesis and differentiation, important in embryonic brain development.	1.9
209897_s_at	SLIT2	Slit homolog 2, neuronal repellent factor, nervous system development; downregulation of this gene by neuronal differentiation factor promotes tumor growth in neuroblastomas [63].	1.67

*This represents the average fold change of gene expression of the three GHK instances profiled in the cMap. Furthermore, it should be noted that all instances were performed using doses of GHK at 1 micromolar. Peak cellular responses to GHK have been recorded at 1 nanomolar; higher doses can reduce the cellular response [56].