Biphalin, a Dimeric Enkephalin, Alleviates LPS-Induced Activation in Rat Primary Microglial Cultures in Opioid Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Manners

Figure 2

The influence of biphalin on cell viability (a) and nitric oxide secretion (b) in vehicle- and LPS-treated primary microglial cells. Biphalin (0.1, 1, 10, and 20 μM) was added to the culture medium 30 min before LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment, and then cells were cultured for 24 h. The results are presented as a percentage of control (vehicle-treated cells) as the mean ± SEM of 3-4 independent experiments. The results were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test to assess differences between the treatment groups. Significant differences in comparison with those of the control group (vehicle-treated cells) are indicated by and ; differences between LPS-treated and biphalin-treated cells are indicated by ^###.

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