Influence of Industry-University Cooperation on Economic Development: A Mathematical Statistical Analysis
Table 4
Results of panel unit root test.
Variable
LLC
Breitung t-stat
IPS
ADF-fisher
PP-fisher
lnNL
Level value
−13.739
−6.926
−7.625
159.226
223.158
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
First-order difference
−24.677
−17.911
−15.754
282.863
491.801
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
lnIUC
Level value
−14.048
−14.048
−10.101
202.662
356.089
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
First-order difference
−25.632
−5.491
−13.897
264.831
337.577
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
lnTI
Level value
−13.633
−9.821
−4.630
108.051
134.248
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
First-order difference
−22.522
−21.854
−11.453
217.334
523.813
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
(0.001)
Note.-statistics in parenthesis. First generation panel unit root tests without cross-sectional dependence. Second generation panel unit root tests with cross-sectional dependence.
