Research Article
The Heterogeneous Effects of FDI and Foreign Trade on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from China
| Variables | Pooled OLS estimator | One-way fixed effects model | Two-way fixed effects model |
| Panel A. The effect of FDI on CO2 emissions | FDI | -0.0861(-6.0537) | -0.0303(-2.6362) | -0.0378(-3.2531) | GDP | -0.5464(-8.4726) | 0.7252(4.3412) | 0.5601(2.7978) | GDP2 | 0.0409(9.9236) | -0.0220(-2.5783) | -0.0177(-1.8022) | ENC | 0.4988(10.2447) | 0.5895(17.1908) | 0.5835(16.4875) | URB | 0.3805(7.0839) | 0.0270(0.7101) | 0.0287(0.7517) | INDUS | 0.7248(9.2724) | 0.1521(2.5424) | 0.1330(1.9823) | ENS | 0.1023(2.0703) | 0.5054(9.7519) | 0.4718(9.0297) | POP | -0.1484(-5.6511) | -0.3451(-2.6001) | -0.5184(-3.3821) | Panel B. The effect of TRADE on CO2 emissions | TRADE | -0.0535(-3.5188) | -0.0436(-2.3486) | -0.1042(-4.4433) | GDP | -0.4669(-7.2834) | 0.8256(4.6551) | 0.5718(2.8822) | GDP2 | -0.1201(-4.5837) | -0.2640(-2.0332) | -0.6040(-3.9081) | ENC | 0.0342(8.5707) | -0.0264(-2.9828) | -0.0208(-2.1235) | URB | 0.5945(13.0392) | 0.5927(17.2794) | 0.5794(16.5106) | INDUS | 0.3256(6.0314) | 0.0410(1.0422) | 0.0724(1.8236) | ENS | 0.6118(7.9137) | 0.1165(1.9366) | 0.1068(1.6137) | POP | 0.1328(2.6514) | 0.5186(10.0467) | 0.4788(9.3061) |
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Note: , , and denote the significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively. Figures in parentheses are t-values. |