Research Article
The Heterogeneous Effects of FDI and Foreign Trade on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from China
Table 4
Results of panel unit root tests.
| | Variables | Level | First difference | | Fisher ADF | PP | LLC | Fisher ADF | PP | LLC |
| | CO2 | 20.922(1.000) | 12.227(1.000) | -1.471(0.071) | 180.493(0.000) | 157.604(0.000) | -8.568(0.000) | | FDI | 48.416(0.858) | 36.450(0.993) | -0.237(0.406) | 258.098(0.000) | 566.982(0.000) | -13.547(0.000) | | TRADE | 31.844(0.999) | 37.991(0.988) | -3.004(0.001) | 258.445(0.000) | 283.188(0.000) | -15.568(0.000) | | GDP | 47.844(0.871) | 9.671(1.000) | -3.184(0.001) | 109.447(0.000) | 116.958(0.000) | -7.301(0.000) | | ENC | 93.574(0.004) | 13.298(1.000) | -7.356(0.000) | 168.118(0.000) | 180.824(0.000) | -8.338(0.000) | | URB | 57.068(0.584) | 113.371(0.000) | -5.644(0.000) | 210.254(0.000) | 248.986(0.000) | -9.850(0.000) | | INDUS | 54.068(0.691) | 27.283(1.000) | -2.818(0.002) | 167.560(0.000) | 178.243(0.000) | -9.419(0.000) | | ENS | 59.887(0.480) | 30.826(0.999) | -3.236(0.001) | 259.630(0.000) | 328.425(0.000) | -13.175(0.000) | | POP | 84.081(0.022) | 159.431(0.000) | -3.968(0.000) | 190.182(0.000) | 494.071(0.000) | -7.034(0.000) | | K | 112.991(0.000) | 32.505(0.999) | -7.064(0.000) | 100.376(0.001) | 132.666(0.000) | -3.789(0.000) | | PG | 156.678(0.000) | 209.700(0.000) | -8.861(0.000) | 208.064(0.000) | 268.010(0.000) | -9.320(0.000) |
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Note: the significance probabilities for the corresponding tests are reported in parentheses.
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