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| References | Theory | Types of IoV-based services | Method (data collection and analysis) | Antecedent conditions (IV) and outcome (DV) | Key findings |
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| [35] | TAM | Connected vehicles | Online survey (116 participants t) and PLS-SEM | Perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), attitude, privacy concerns, privacy risk, trust in provider, information control, social norm, and behavioral intention (BI) to use | Attitude and social norm have a significant positive effect on BI, while PU, privacy risk, and trust in provider have no effect |
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| [10] | Social cognitive theory, TPB, prospect theory, and value perception theory | Fully autonomous vehicles | Survey (355 samples in Beijing, China) and PLS-SEM | Mass media, social media, self-efficacy, subjective norms (SN), PU, perceived risks (PR), and adoption intention to private AVs and public AVs | Mass media enhances potential users’ self-efficacy of fully AVs, while social media strengthens SN; both PU and PR of AVs are perceived simultaneously via mass media, whereas PR can be significantly eliminated by social media; all constructs of self-efficacy, SN, PU, and PR are verified to drive intention to use AVs |
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| [14] | TPB | Autonomous vehicles | Survey (526 residents in Seoul, Korea) and SEM | Attitude, SN, behavioral control, cognitive and emotive factors (comparative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and hedonic motivation), and acceptance | Individuals’ mindset, subjective customs, and behavioral influence directly affect AVs acceptance; comparative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and hedonic motivation indirectly affect AVs acceptance |
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| [45] | UTAUT2 | Autonomous delivery vehicles | Online survey (501 German) and SEM | Performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating conditions (FC), hedonic motivation, price sensitivity, PR, and BI | Price sensitivity is the strongest predictor of BI, followed by PE, hedonic motivation, PR, SI, and FC, whereas no effect could be found for EE |
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| [46] | TAM | Autonomous shuttle services | Survey (700 respondents in Taiwan) and SEM | PU, PEOU, attitude, trust, perceived enjoyment, and use intention | PU, PEOU, trust, and perceived enjoyment positively affect attitude; PU, trust, and attitude positively affect use intention |
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| [11] | TAM and initial trust theory | Automated vehicles | Face-to-face survey (216 drivers in Shenzhen, China) and SEM | PU, PEOU, perceived safety risk, perceived privacy risk, initial trust, attitude towards using, and BI | PEOU positively affect PU; PU and perceived safety risk positively affect initial trust; PEOU and initial trust positively affect attitude; PU and attitude positively affect BI |
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| [8] | Trust theory | Autonomous vehicles | Survey (742 Korean respondents)& PLS-SEM | Trust in technology, perceived benefit (PB), PR, general acceptance, BI, and willingness to pay. | Trust has direct and indirect effects on AV acceptance; PB is more influential than PR in affecting AV acceptance and also in mediating the trust-acceptability relationship |
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| [47] | TAM | Autonomous vehicles | Online survey (313 Korean respondents) and PLS-SEM | Relative advantage, psychological ownership, self-efficiency, PR, PU, PEOU, and intention to use | Relative advantage positively affects PU; self-efficacy positively affects PEOU; self-efficacy, psychological ownership, PR, and PU affect intention to use autonomous vehicles |
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| [48] | TAM | Autonomous electric bus | Online survey (268 passengers in Germany) and SEM | PU, PEOU, ATU, individual differences, social impacts, systems characteristics, and intention to use | Desire to exert control, SN, perceived enjoyment, PU, and PEOU positively affect ATU; trust, SN, price evaluation, and ATU positively affect intention to use |
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| [31] | TAM and the life-oriented approach | Self-driving public bus | Online survey (268 passengers in Germany) and PLS-SEM | PU, PEOU, ATU, life choices, subjective well-being, factors of travel quality, life domains, and intention to use | Trust, price evaluation, social network, residence, family budget, PU, and ATU positively affect intention to use |
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| [12] | TAM | Automated vehicles | Online survey (1177 participants in Europe, China, and North America) and PLS-SEM | Attitude towards environmental protection, innovativeness, perceived enjoyment, objective usability, PU, PEOU, ATU, and BI | Perceived enjoyment and objective usability positively affect both PU and PEOU; PU and PEOU positively affect ATU; ATU positively affects BI |
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| [2] | TAM | Autonomous electric vehicles | Online survey (470 respondents in China) and SEM | Environmental concern, green PU, PEOU, and BI | Environmental concern, green PU, and PEOU positively affect BI; EC has an indirect effect on BI through mediators of green PU and PEOU |
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| [15] | Trust and TAM | Autonomous vehicles | Online survey (369 German participants) and SEM | Trust, concern of giving up control, PU, PEOU, driving enjoyment, personal innovativeness, and the adoption intention of AVs | Trust in the technology/concern about handing over control to a machine, PU, and personal innovativeness positively affects adoption intention, while driving enjoyment is a barrier to AVs adoption |
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| [34] | | Self-driving vehicles | Survey (1355 participants in Tianjin and Xi’an, China) and PLS-SEM | Demographic (familiarity, age, gender, education, and income) and psychological factors (PB, PR, perceived dread, and trust in SDVs) | Younger and highly educated participants with higher-income were willing to pay more; participants who had heard about SDVs reported higher WTP and higher trust and perceived higher benefits, lower risks, and lower dread; trust and PB were positive predictors of WTP, while PR and perceived dread were negative |
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| [16] | IDT and agent-based simulation modeling | Connected autonomous vehicles | Survey (327 employees of the University of Memphis) and simulation modeling | Price reduction, mass communication (marketing), and peer-to-peer communication (word-of-mouth) | The automobile fleet will be nearly homogenous in about 2050 only if prices decrease at significant rates (15% or 20% annually); a 6-month preintroduction marketing campaign has no impact on adoption trend; CAV market share significantly alter caused by peer-to-peer communication |
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| [7] | UTAUT | Autonomous car | Online survey (241 respondents in France) and SEM and multigroup analysis | PE, EE, SI, consumer innovativeness, and purchase intention | PE, EE, and SI positively affect purchase intentions; consumer innovativeness moderates the relationships between the constructs |
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| [13] | TAM | Autonomous driving | Web-based survey (483 respondents in Greece) and multiple regression | PU, PEOU, perceived trust, SI, and BI to have AVs | PU, PEOU, perceived trust, and SI positively affect BI |
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| [29] | UTAUT | Automated road transport systems | Survey (315 participants in Greece) and hierarchical multiple regression | PE, EE, SI, FC, hedonic motivation, and BI | PE, SI, FC, and hedonic motivation positively affect BI |
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| [28] | UTAUT | Automated road transport systems | Survey (349 respondents from France and Switzerland) and hierarchical multiple regression | PE, EE, SI, and BI | PE, EE, and SI positively affect BI |
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| [33] | Innovation resistance model | In-vehicle infotainment (IVI) systems | Online survey (1070 samples in Korea) and PLS-SEM | Technographics, SN, prior similar experience, PU, perceived complexity, PR, resistance, and intention to use IVI systems | PU negatively affects resistance, while perceived complexity and PR positively affect resistance (which negatively affects intention to use) |
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| [27] | UTAUT | Self-driving vehicles | Online survey (556 residents of Austin, Texas) and an ordinal regression model | PE, EE, SI, perceived safety, anxiety, attitudes about technology, desire for control, technology use, technology acceptance, and intent to use | Intent to use self-driving vehicles are the ones who have any physical conditions that prohibit them from driving, think it would decrease accident risk, use smartphones and transportation apps, are not concerned with data privacy, think it would be fun, think it would be easy to become skilful, and believe that people whose opinions they valued would like using it |
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| [32] | TAM and trust theory | Autonomous vehicle | Online survey (552 drivers) and PLS-SEM | System transparency, technical competence, situation management, trust, PU, PEOU, PR, external locus of control, sensation seeking, and BI | System transparency, technical competence, and situation management positively affect trust; PU, PEOU, trust, and external locus of control positively affect intention to use autonomous vehicles; PR and sensation have no impact on BI |
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