Immunological homeostasis is achieved by strict control of the production and activation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecular and cellular effectors, which act synergistically to ensure the body's overall immunological balance. However, pathological conditions triggered by chemical, physical, and biological aggressions (i.e., pathogenic organisms) disrupt this immune balance. Thus, immune-mediated lesions develop in response to the upregulation of proinflammatory effectors and/or downregulation of counterregulatory anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In some cases, inflammatory disorders have self-limiting behaviour, and a well-adjusted immunological status is naturally re-established. However, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are essential to control several acute and chronic inflammatory responses, limiting the development of immune-mediated injuries and stimulating tissue repair.

A wide range of natural and synthetic treatments are available for pharmacological management of diseases involving inflammation. In general, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral agents are effective in controlling inflammation by eliminating the aetiological agents. However, several antimicrobial molecules and drugs also have direct proinflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory effects, controlling inflammation through multiple mechanisms of action. In addition to drug therapy, non-pharmacological approaches, based on light (low-level laser therapy), sound waves (ultrasound), radiation (radiotherapy), temperature (cryotherapy), and mechanical forces (vibration), are systematically used and have been found to be effective in treating several diseases associated with acute and chronic inflammation due to marked immunomodulatory effects. Currently, the applicability and effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are better understood when administered alone. However, the combined effect of these approaches is still poorly understood, representing an interesting research challenge to be pursued. Thus, exploring potential additive or synergistic interactions between drugs, natural and synthetic molecules, and between these products and non-pharmacological interventions can broaden the perspective for treating diseases associated with inflammation.

This Special Issue aims at creating an interdisciplinary forum to discuss the inflammatory dynamics involved in injury and tissue repair processes, as well as the morphological, molecular, and functional basis of pharmacological and non-pharmacological immunomodulatory therapies applied to tissue repair. This Special Issue covers articles containing primary research results (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) as well as studies based on secondary data, such as comprehensive and systematic review articles. Submitted articles must illustrate and stimulate the continuing effort to understand proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, and how drugs and non-pharmacological immunomodulatory interventions interact to establish the balance between tissue damage and repair.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Inflammatory mediators involved in tissue damage and repair
• Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions
• The effect of pharmacological and non-pharmacological immunomodulatory therapeutics
• Combined therapy based on pharmacological and non-pharmacological immunomodulatory agents
• Drug repositioning for application in inflammatory disturbances
• In silico, in vitro and in vivo methods