Mediators of Inflammation

Research Article

The Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio at Hospital Admission Is a Novel Predictor for Acute Traumatic Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage Expansion after Cerebral Contusion

Table 3

Baseline characteristics according to acute tICH expansion in the validation cohort.


Variable		Acute tICH expansion
Variable	Total ()	No ()	Yes ()	value

Demographics and clinical variables
Male sex, no. (%)	155 (74.88%)	78 (73.58%)	77 (76.24%)	0.660
Mean age (SD) (y)	47.95 (17.63)	48.19 (17.85)	47.70 (17.48)	0.845
Severity of injury mechanism, no. (%)				0.850
Mild	45 (29.03%)	24 (30.00%)	21 (28.00%)
Moderate	5 (3.23%)	2 (2.50%)	3 (4.00%)
Severe	105 (67.74%)	54 (67.50%)	51 (68.00%)
Level on Glasgow Coma Scale score, no. (%)				0.636
Mild (13–15 points)	115 (55.83%)	61 (58.10%)	54 (53.47%)
Moderate (9–12 points)	34 (16.50%)	18 (17.14%)	16 (15.84%)
Severe (3–8 points)	57 (27.67%)	26 (24.76%)	31 (30.69%)
Mean arterial pressure, median (IQR) (mmHg)	98.66 (88.08-110.00)	97.00 (87.33-113.33)	99.33 (88.67-108.67)	0.645
Hypertension, no. (%)	20 (9.95%)	10 (9.90%)	10 (10.00%)	0.981
Diabetes, no. (%)	3 (1.51%)	100 (99.01%)	96 (97.96%)	0.543
Coagulopathy, no. (%)	17 (10.37%)	6 (7.06%)	11 (13.92%)	0.150
Imaging variables
Time to baseline CT, median (IQR) (h)	2.00 (1.36-3.50)	2.31 (1.50-3.33)	2.00 (1.11-3.50)	0.029
Time from baseline CT to follow-up CT (IQR) (h)	16.00 (8.03-24.00)	18.00 (10.50-24.00)	11.50 (6.50-24.00)	0.058
Intraventricular hemorrhage, no. (%)	15 (7.25%)	7 (6.60%)	8 (7.92%)	0.715
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, no. (%)	161 (77.78%)	75 (70.75%)	86 (85.15%)	0.013
Subdural hemorrhage, no. (%)	137 (66.18%)	55 (51.89%)	82 (81.19%)	<0.001
Extradural hemorrhage, no. (%)	43 (20.77%)	18 (16.98%)	25 (24.75%)	0.168
Location of contusion, no. (%)				0.013
Frontal	88 (42.51%)	37 (34.91%)	51 (50.50%)
Temporal	97 (46.86%)	52 (49.06%)	45 (44.55%)
Parietal	8 (3.86%)	8 (7.55%)	0 (0.00%)
Occipital	6 (2.90%)	3 (2.83%)	3 (2.97%)
Basal ganglia, brainstem, or cerebellum	8 (3.86%)	3 (2.83%)	3 (2.97%)
Baseline tICH volume, mean (SD) (mL)	5.31 (14.65)	2.86 (6.33)	5.66 (8.69)	<0.001
Follow-up tICH volume, mean (SD) (mL)	8.85 (15.24)	3.12 (9.58)	14.75 (19.60)	<0.001
Inflammatory index parameters
Leukocyte count (10⁹ cells/L)	15.34 (5.37)	14.33 (5.63)	16.43 (4.89)	<0.001
Monocyte count (10⁹ cells/L)	0.82 (0.43)	0.79 (0.43)	0.87 (0.48)	0.051
Lymphocyte count (10⁹ cells/L)	1.27 (0.65)	1.56 (0.70)	0.95 (0.40)	<0.001
MLR	0.78 (0.53)	0.62 (0.46)	0.95 (0.56)	<0.001