| | Type | Biomarkers | References |
| | Diagnosis | C-reactive protein (CRP) | [63] | | Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin) | [63, 64] | | Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) | [54] | | S100 family proteins (S100A7, S100A8, S100A9) | [54] | | Wnt family membrane 5a (Wnt5a) protein | [54] | | p53/TP53 protein | [54] | | Phospholipase C (PLC) | [54] | | Psoriasin (S100A) | [55] | | Interleukin (IL-22) | [56, 57] | | Interleukins (IL-12, IL-23) | [60] | | Koebnerisin | [55] | | Irisin | [65] | | Sphingolipids (ceramide FA-C22, sphingosine-1-phosphate) | [66] | | Hyperuricemia | [67] | | Interleukin (IL-21) | [71] | | Keratin-16 (Krt16) | [76] | | Lipocalin-2 | [69] | | Class VI intermediate filament protein (Nestin) | [70] |
| | Prognosis | Hyperhomocysteinaemia | [80] | | C-reactive protein (CRP) | [80, 81] | | Platelet activation | [80, 82] | | Cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α) | [80, 82] | | Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-17) | [80] | | Dyslipidemia (↑TG, ↑VLDL, ↑LDL, ↓HDL-C) | [80] | | [80] | | Metabolic syndrome | [80] | | Habitual smoking | [80] | | Medications (methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids, biologics) | [80] | | Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin) | [72, 77] | | ↑Carotid intima-media thickness | [77] | | Fatty acids (MUFA, SFA UFA, PUFA, EPA, DHA) | [78] | | Urinary orosomucoid (u-ORM). ↑Ratio u-ORM/u-CREAT | [78] | | Oxidation-modified lipoproteins (oxLDL, oxLPa, oxHDL) | [83] | | ↑Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity | [83] |
| | Treatment | Serum YKL-40 | [83] | | Retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγ/RORγt) | [85, 86] | | Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) | [87] | | Galectin-3 | [88] | | TNF-like weak (TWEAK) | [89] | | C-reactive protein (CRP) | [90] | | Adipokines (chemerin, resistin, visfatin) | [90] | | Psoriasin (S100A) | [60, 61] |
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