Abundance of Gut Microbiota, Concentration of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Inflammatory Markers Associated with Elevated Body Fat, Overweight, and Obesity in Female Adolescents
Table 2
Anthropometric measures, food frequency, and concentration of inflammatory markers in the three groups of female adolescents with respect to body composition (Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 2019).
Variables
Group 1 (G1) ()
Group 2 (G2) ()
Group 3 (G3) ()
EUT and adequate BF%
EUT and high BF%
OW-OB and high BF%
G1, G2, & G3
G1 & G2
G1 & G3
G2 & G3
Median (25–75)
Median (25–75)
Median (25–75)
†
‡
‡
‡
WC (cm)
62.3 (61.0-67.2)†
70.3 (68.1-75.3)
82.5 (78.7-88.2)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
WtHR
0.4 (0.38-0.41)
0.43 (0.42-0.46)
0.50 (0.48-0.53)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
NC (cm)
29.5 (28.0-30.0)
30.1 (29.2-31.0)
32.5 (31.0-34.0)
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Android fat (%)
12.6 (9.8-16.5)
23.0 (17.9-30.5)
37.3 (30.5-46.8)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Gynoid fat (%)
34.5 (30.6-36.7)
39.7 (37.9-46.9)
48.0 (45.5-54.1)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Fruitsa
4.0 (1.5-6.5)
4.0 (2.0-5.0)
4.0 (1.2-6.7)
0.846
—
—
—
Vegetablesa
6.0 (5.0-7.0)
6.0 (5.0-7.0)
7.0 (5.2-7.0)
0.846
—
—
—
Sugar and candiesa
5.0 (4.5-7.0)
5.0 (4.0-7.0)
5.5 (3.0-7.0)
0.411
—
—
—
Oils and fata
5.0 (3.0-7.0)
6.0 (4.0-7.0)
6.5 (3.2-7.0)
0.844
—
—
—
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
142.0 (136.0-157.0)
141.0 (123.5-156.0)
150.0 (132.0-165.0)
0.301
—
—
—
HDL (mg/dL)
48.0 (41.0-54.0)
43.0 (38.2-57.5)
46.0 (38.0-54.0)
0.856
—
—
—
LDL (mg/dL)
81.0 (68.0-91.4)
76.6 (65.8-87.9)
88.0 (71.2-102.6)
0.195
—
—
—
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
68.0 (51.0-85.0)
61.0 (55.5-86.7)
68.0 (53.5-85.0)
0.986
—
—
—
Glucose (mg/dL)
84.0 (80.0-88.0)
86.0 (83.0-90.0)
86.0 (82.5-90.5)
0.276
—
—
—
Insulin (UI/mL)
5.9 (4.8-7.8)
5.7 (3.9-7.6)
9.5 (6.1-17.2)
<0.001
0.317
<0.001
<0.001
HOMA-IR (mg/dL)
1.24 (0.9-1.73)
1.2 (0.8-1.7)
2.04 (1.2-3.8)
<0.001
0.41
<0.001
<0.001
Hs-CRP (mg/dL)
0.06 (0.03-0.17)
0.08 (0.60-0.17)
0.08 (0.04-0.20)
0.33
—
—
—
TNF- (pg/mL)
2.0 (1.0-3.0)
2.0 (1.0-3.0)
2.0 (1.0-3.0)
0.797
—
—
—
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)
1.0 (1.0-2.0)
1.0 (1.0-2.0)
1.0 (1.0-2.0)
0.576
—
—
—
Leptin (pg/mL)
3226.0 (2632.8-4453.0)
5725.0 (3940.0-8422.5)
10377.5 (6645.7-20236.2)
<0.001
0.01
<0.001
<0.001
†Kruskal-Wallis test; ‡Dunns’ post hoc test; in Kruskal-Wallis test; in Dunns’ post hoc test. aAverage values of food frequency during one week. EUT: eutrophic; OW: overweight; OB: obesity; WC: waist circumference; WtHR: waist to height ratio; NC: neck circumference; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance; Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
