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Adipokine | Bioactive functions associated with cardiovascular diseases | Reference |
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Leptin | Increase heart rate and elevate blood pressure level | [82] |
Increase lipolysis in skeletal muscle and adipocytes | [83] |
Increase reactive oxygen species secretion in endothelial cells, such as H2O2 and HO generation | [84] |
Facilitate cholesterol accumulation in macrophages | [85, 86] |
Promote the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-2 in VSMCs | [87] |
Act on various types of immune cells to promote the release of proinflammatory cytokines | [81, 88] |
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Adiponectin | Reduce tissue triglyceride content and upregulate insulin sensitivity | [89] |
Suppress endothelial cell apoptosis | [90] |
Suppress TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation to decrease the recruitment of monocytes | [91] |
Inhibit the expression of scavenger receptors-A1 of macrophages and mediate polarization toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype | [80, 92] |
Attenuate proliferation and migration of VSMCs | [93] |
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TNF-α | Downregulate insulin resistance | [94] |
Increase expression of adhesion molecules | [95] |
Induce the migration and proliferation of VSMCs | [96] |
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Omentin | Proangiogenic property and inhibition of vascular inflammation | [97, 98] |
Promote NO production and its vasodilating effect of vascular | [99, 100] |
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Resistin | Subsclinical marker of atherosclerosis | [101] |
Increase the levels of endothelin-1, VCAM-1, and CCL2 | [102] |
Promote foam cell formation by the dysregulation of scavenger receptors in macrophages | [103] |
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A-FEBP | The major mediator of vulnerable plaque formation | [104] |
Secrete more proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and CCL2 | [105] |
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Chemrin | Magnify the functions of adhesion molecules | [106] |
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