The Immune System in Tissue Environments Regaining Homeostasis after Injury: Is “Inflammation” Always Inflammation?

Figure 2

Mediators of innate immune system in regaining tissue homeostasis. Innate immune cells secrete several cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes, which promotes either resolution of inflammation and tissue repair/regeneration or tissue remodeling/fibrosis. PTX3: pentraxin 3, ROS: reactive oxygen species, IL: interleukin, TGF: transforming growth factor, MMP: matrix metalloproteinase, TIMP: tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, MIP: macrophage inhibitory protein, MBP: major basic protein, mMCP: mouse mast cell protease, and PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor.