Epobis is a Nonerythropoietic and Neuroprotective Agonist of the Erythropoietin Receptor with Anti-Inflammatory and Memory Enhancing Effects

Figure 2

Effects of Epobis on TNF secretion. (a) Standard curve for the viability of cytokine-sensitive L-cell relative to the concentration of recombinant TNF in the medium. The curve shows mean and SEM of 4 separate experiments. L-cell viability was evaluated using a one-way ANOVA for repeated measures ( = 14.96, ) followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test (, when compared to 0.00675 ng/mL TNF). (b) L-cell viability in response to exposure to conditioned medium from AMJ2-C8 macrophages. A value of 100% corresponds to the viability of L-cells exposed to conditioned medium from unstimulated AMJ2-C8 cells. EPO was tested at a concentration of 8.4 nM. Data from 4 separate experiments evaluated using one-way ANOVA for repeated measures ( = 5.959, ) followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test. when compared to 0 μM Epobis. (c) Representative fluorescence micrograph of the rat microglia cultures utilized for estimates of TNF secretion. The cells are double-stained with DAPI (for visualization of the total number of cells) and an antibody against Iba-1/AIF-1 (for the visualization of microglia). Size bar: 10 μm. (d) Estimate of TNF secretion from primary cultures of rat microglia. The bars show mean and SEM from 3 separate experiments evaluated using Friedman’s test () followed by Dunn’s Multiple Comparison Test. , when compared to LPS-stimulated control untreated with Epobis.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)