Role of Sphingolipids in the Pathobiology of Lung Inflammation

Figure 3

Sphingolipids modulation and bioactivity in COPD: prevalent sphingolipids alteration in the alveolar lung compartment and induced responses in endothelial cells (E), alveolar epithelial cells (alveolar type 1 AI, alveolar type 2, AII), and macrophages (M). SPT, Serine Palmitoyl Transferase; Cer, ceramide; SM, sphingomyelin; Sph, sphingosine; a SMase, acid Sphingomyelinase; n SMase, neutral Sphingomyelinase; CDase, Ceramidase; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; Cer1P, ceramide-1-phosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species.