Unraveling the Complex Relationship Triad between Lipids, Obesity, and Inflammation

Table 1

Lipid signaling molecules and their actions in obesity related inflammation.

Inflammation				Resolution
Omega-6 fatty acid mediated marker				Omega-3 fatty acid mediated marker
Fatty acid	Enzyme	Proinflammatory marker	Action triggered	Fatty acid	Enzyme	Anti-inflammatory marker	Action triggered
		PGD1	Proarrhythmic			PGD3	Antiarrhythmic
		PGE1				PGE3
	COX				COX
		PGF1				PGF3	Antithrombotic
		TXA1				PGI3	Antiplatelet
						TXA3	aggregation
DGLA				EPA		TXB3
		LTA3				LTA5	Dilation of blood vessels
	LOX	LTC3	Constriction of blood			LTB5
		LTD3	vessels		LOX	LTC5
						LTD5
						LTE5
	COX	PGD2; PGE2; PGF2; PGI2; TXA2	Prothrombotic, platelet aggregation via thromboxane A2 receptor			LIPOXINS	Act upon PPARs, GPCRs
						HETE	Inhibits free radical production
AA							EPA	CyP
					5HPETE—5HETE—EETs				DHETs	Improve vascular tone and renal function and reduce hypertension
					Leukocyte activation
	LOX	LTA4				Resolvins	Blocking PMN filtration, by inhibiting TNFα
		LTB4	Vasoconstriction,; bronchoconstriction via the BLT1 and BLT2 receptors			Protectins
		LTC4				Maresins
		LTD4
		LTE4

Arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA), DGLA-dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), leukotriene (LT), prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxane (TXA), lipoxins (LXs), resolvins (Rvs), D series protectins (PDs), cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs).